Second-generation agents

Cefmetazole (78) is a cephamycin-inspired cephalosporin differing from the mainstream compounds in having an aliphatic amide moiety attached to C-7. Its antibacterial spectrum is similar to the second generation agent cefoxitin. The synthesis starts with 7-aminocephalosporan-... 

Sulfonylureas represent the first class of oral antidiabetes agents approved for use in the United States. These drugs are classified as being either first- or second-generation agents. Both classes of sulfonylureas are equally effective when given at... 

Second-generation agents - Intranasal administration of azelastine yields peak levels in 2 to 3 hours, with an elimination half-life of 22 hours. 

Cephalexin, cefaclor, cefprozil, cefadroxil, ceftibuten, and loracarbef are well absorbed from the Gl tract. Cephalosporins are widely distributed to most tissues and fluids. First and second generation agents do not readily enter cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), except cefuroxime, even when meninges are inflamed. Third generation compounds readily diffuse into the CSF of patients with inflamed meninges. However, CSF levels of cefoperazone are relatively low. Most cephalosporins and metabolites are primarily excreted renally. 

Similar clinical effect as second-generation agents (e.g., glyburide, glipizide) usually less expensive... 

However, the second generation agents, because they do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, show less CNS toxicity than the older drugs. [Note The histamine receptors are distinct from those that bind serotonin, acetylcholine, and the catecholamines.]... 

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