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As a consequence of the complex molecular structures, such nomenclatures are not without complications and require numerous rules. However - unlike the IUPAC [46] or nodal nomenclature [47] - owing to their modular structure they quickly reveal important individual characteristics (number of generations, number of terminal groups), which is of benefit in the laboratory and also in computer searches. 

The examples discussed in this paper demonstrate that Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions can be successfully utilized in the convergent (modular) synthesis of vitamin D-active compounds. The new synthetic routes open an efficient and highly selective access to a variety of vitamin D analogs. While reliable methods exist today for the construction of the triene system and for the synthesis of the ring A precursors, the search for efficient total synthetic approaches to the CD building blocks still remain a challenging task for the future. 

Fig. 3.13 shows the modular organization of the t-PA molecule. The potential for use of t-PA in thrombolytic therapy spurred the search for more efficacious proprietary variants for commercialization (Klausner, 1986, 1987). The domains of t-PA were deleted individually and in combination. These studies led to the identification of the domains of t-PA involved in binding to fibrin, the major component of a... 

An integrated, modular system for molecular visualization, computation, and 3D database creation and searching for compounds in all areas of chemistry. The base system (ChemCore, ChemModel, ChemGuide, and ChemMovie) provides for molecular building and displays, geometry and energy calcula-... 

In the following sections we provide examples of modelling unknown inorganic modular stmctures and discuss the related series. Further examples are available elsewhere [2] unfortunately, often in the literature the inputs from concepts of modular crystallography are not explicitly quoted. The numbers of modular stmctures are increasing rapidly, also because layered materials are increasingly a matter of intensive research [22]. As stated above, as the description of these structures is typically not given in terms of modularity, they can escape a search on keywords. 

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