Scent sources

In recent years, there is only one example of a pheromone in solitary Apocrita being chemically identified. Chiral GC and chiral GC-EAD provided identification of (3S)-(+)-linalool 8 >99.9% e.e. as a mandibular gland mate attractant in both males and females of Colletes cunicularius. Male contact with a scented source could be initiated with 5 ng per lure (3S)-(+)-linalool, which may act as both a sex attractant and a food attractant [35]. 

Pheromones are often produced in specific glandular tissues specialized for their production,but they may also arise from other scent sources such as body tissues. Volatile compounds, such as ethylene and methyl jasmonate, are produced by plants during herbivorous attack and have been shown to act as signals to other plants for the up-regulation of the production of defensive compounds, and to act as cues for parasitoids that attack herbivores. 

Figure 4. Strategy for analysis of protein in scent sources.

Figure 1. Model of association between volatile scent (symbols) and involatile ownership signal (text code) when animals encounter scents, (a) Animal encounters unfamiliar volatile scents and contacts the scent source to investigate involatile components that provide a stable scent ownership signal volatile and involatile profiles become associated in memory, (b) Animal encounters familiar volatile profile associated with an involatile ownership signal in memory no further investigation required, (c) Unfamiliar volatile profile stimulates contact with scent source containing new ownership signal volatile and involatile profiles become associated in memory, (d) Unfamiliar components of volatile profile stimulate contact with scent source containing familiar ownership signal association between involatile ownership signal and altered volatile profile updated in memory.

The anal sac constitutes an inportant fermentative scent source in the carnivores. In the red fox, the two anal sacs form reservoirs of about 1 ml capacity situated laterally to the anus between the internal and the external anal sphincter muscles. Each sac opens to the inner cutaneous anal region through a short duct. Inputs to these reservoirs are the secretions of the glands of the sac walls and desquamated cells from the sac epidermis. ... 

Mammalian and Environmental Fermentative Scent Sources Compared Even on the basis of present limited knowledge, chemical and... 

The possibility of mammalian fermentative scent sources acquiring individual or group recognition value has also been discussed in relation to the red fox and the Indian mongoose, although the experimental evidence at present available in support of this occurring in these species is not strong (5,35,55). 

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