Scatchard method

X 107 M 11 for a 1 1 stoichiometric ratio. Two affinity complexes were separated. One complex was identified by the Scatchard method as having a 1 1 stoichiometric ratio (complex 1). The other complex (complex 2) is proposed to have a stoichiometry with an excess of anti-BSA to BSA, ... 

Batchwise guest-binding experiments are also used to evaluate the imprinting efficiency. The polymer particles of suitable size (usually <32 pm) are put into sample tubes, and atrazine solutions of known concentrations (typically in CHCl3) are added. The resulting suspensions are stirred for a predetermined period of time. After this incubation, the polymer particles are filtered off, and the concentrations of atrazine in the solution are determined by reversed-phase HPLC. When the concentration of atrazine after the incubation is subtracted from the initial concentration, the quantity of atrazine bound by the polymer is determined. By doing similar experiments at various concentrations of atrazine, the binding isotherms are obtained and the data are analyzed by the Scatchard method. 

The doping chemistry of H3PO4 in PBI was analyzed in detail by He et al. [4B7] by resorting to the Scatchard method. Two sites of H3PO4 coordination to PBI, Li... 

For the monomers in the polymerization under consideration the fugacity coefficients were estimated by Redlich-Kwong equation of state and were found to be close to unity. The activity coefficients (8) for the monomers were estimated by Scatchard-Hildebrand s method (5) for the most volatile monomer there was a temperature dependence but none for the other monomer. These were later confirmed by applying the UNIFAC method (6). The saturation vapor pressures were calculated by Antoine coefficients (5). 

Mapsi et al. [16] reported the use of a potentiometric method for the determination of the stability constants of miconazole complexes with iron(II), iron(III), cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), and zinc(II) ions. The interaction of miconazole with the ions was determined potentiometrically in methanol-water (90 10) at an ionic force of 0.16 and at 20 °C. The coordination number of iron, cobalt, and nickel was 6 copper and zinc show a coordination number of 4. The values of the respected log jSn of these complexes were calculated by an improved Scatchard (1949) method and they are in agreement with the Irving-Williams (1953) series of Fe2+ < Co2+ < Ni2 < Cu2+ < Zn2+. 

As seen in equations (32)-(34), the forward adsorptive flux depends upon the concentration of free cell surface carriers. Unfortunately, there is only limited information in the literature on determinations of carrier concentrations for the uptake of trace metals. In principle, graphical and numerical methods can be used to determine carrier numbers and the equilibrium constant, As, corresponding to the formation of M — Rcen following measurement of [M] and (M —Rceii. For example, a (Scatchard) plot of (M — RCeii /[M] versus (M — RCeii should yield a straight line with a slope equal to the reciprocal of the dissociation constant and abscissa-intercept equal to the total carrier numbers (e.g. [186]). 

Traditionally, polyvalent cation-phytate complexes have been considered uniformly insoluble, and this dogma has been the basis of most methods for the determination of phytate (31). In 1976, however, soluble monoferric phytate was isolated (32), and most recently, Cai- and Ca2 phytate were also found to be soluble (27). Figure 2 shows a Scatchard plot of Ca2+ binding to phytate at pH 4.8. At a ratio of 2.2 to 2.4 the complex precipitates. This ratio is independent of the phytate concentration over a 100-... 

The method preferred in the NBA Thermochemical Data Base review is the specific ion interaction model in the form of the Bronsted-Guggenheim-Scatchard approach. 

See Double-Reciprocal Plot Hanes Plot Direct Linear Plot Dixon Plot Dixon-Webb Plot Eadie-Hofstee Plot Substrate Concentration Range Frieden Protocol Fromm Protocol Point-of-Convergence Method Dal-ziel Phi Relationships Scatchard Plots Hill Plots... 

INDIVIDUAL REACTION MECHANISMS LINEWEAVER-BURKE PLOT POINT-OF-CONVERGENCE METHOD SCATCHARD PLOT... 

SCATCHARD PLOT KLOTZ PLOT ALLOSTERISM COOPERATIVITY HILL EQUATION AND PLOT WOMACK-COLOWICK DIALYSIS METHOD... 

The association constants to a site (K) and the ratio (r) of bound EtdBr per nucleic acid phosphate were determined for the different cyclophosphazene-DNA complexes using Scatchard s method The number Of binding sites per base (n) for the non-complexed DNA has been found equal to 0.20 and the value of K to 1.2 X 10 M, in agreement with previously reported data and... 

The binding constants can be also calculated by direct separation of free and complexed analyte. In this method, the solute and ligand are preequilibrated before injecting onto the CE column, where the free solute is separated from both the complexed solute and the ligand. The binding constant is then calculated from a Scatchard plot (55). This unpopular method is applicable only to very stable intermolecular complexes where the dissociation kinetics are slow compared to the separation time scale. 

Perhaps the most widely used method for extracting binding data is the Scatchard plot. This is obtained from... 

There are two basic approaches to the calculation of vapor compositions from boiling point-liquid composition data or vapor pressure-liquid composition data (a) the coexistence equation (i) which requires the smoothing of experimental T-x or H-x data first, or (b) a correlating equation which relates the excess free energy with liquid composition. Various equations have been proposed, but Barker (2), who pioneered this method, employed Scatchard s equation (3). Raw or smoothed data are used, but the smoothing process may introduce unwarranted errors. 

Isosbestic (crossing) points are observed when a solution contains variable proportions of two components with a constant total concentration. A Scatchard plot is used to measure an equilibrium constant, and the method of continuous variation allows us to determine the stoichiometry of a complex. In flow injection analysis,... 

Saturation data are often plotted in yet another form known as the Scatchard plot (Fig. 7-3). The value of A A/ [X] (or of Y/ [X]) is plotted against A A (or Y) and a straight line is fitted to the points, preferably using the "method of least squares." The intercept on the x axis and the slope of the fitted line give values of AAmax/ K and K, respectively, as indicated by Eq. 7-5, which follows directly from Eq. 7-4. 

For many proteins and many surfaces, the adsorption will be essentially irreversible, which will result in a Scatchard plot with a shape which is not easily analyzed. The models and methods presented here are not adequate for treating such data. It is important under such conditions to redo the adsorption experiment, preferably on a modified surface of lower binding site density or energy. Figure 12 outlines in schematic form what one might expect if this is done, although no such data are at present available in the literature. 

The cohesive energy density of a pure compound can be estimated by different techniques (Scatchard, 1949 Hoy, 1970 Fedors, 1974). One method (Hildebrand et al., 1970) relates this parameter to the molar enthalpy of vaporizaMiflv, of the same compound ... 

Figure 2.7. Method used to determine the receptor number and the ligand affinity for the receptor by the Scatchard plot.

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