Scarcity acceptance

This review mostly summarizes the scientific information available in developed countries, where the prevalence of diseases associated with water use is kept under very acceptable levels. However, there are reasons to think that the situation might worsen as a consequence of the effects of the climatic change, the increase of population in certain areas and the deterioration of sanitation infrastructures. It may be necessary to take new measures to maintain the present situation. Better knowledge of the water-borne pathogens, where they originate, how they persist or replicate in the environment, how they survive water treatments, and how they are transported in water and soil, will allow us to take the necessary measures to prevent the effects of water scarcity as well as the effects of extreme climatic events foreseen for the future by the experts in climatic change [13]. 

Because of the scarcity of electronic paramagnetic resonance data, and because of the frequent unreliability of the data from paramagnetism, boiling point elevation, spectrophotometry, and ortho-para hydrogen conversion, most published radical dissociation constants can be accepted only with reservations. An error of 50 % is not at all improbable in many cases. We are therefore not yet in a position to explain, or rather to test our explanations of, small differences in dissociation constants. Table I shows the values of K corresponding to various hexaarylethanes in benzene at 25°. Because of the order of magnitude differences in Table I, however, it is likely that some of the expected large effects, such as steric and resonance effects, exist. 

Scarcity means that resource allocation decisions cannot be avoided. If this is accepted, then it is clear that the basis on which these decisions are made should be explicit. Although economists do not claim to have the only - or even necessarily the best - answer for all choices that need to be made, at least economic criteria are explicit and hence open for criticism and debate. 

As a result of this growing acceptance of scarcity, explicit prioritisation is becoming an increasingly common feature of the British NHS. In the past decade, we have increasingly seen health authorities make clear choices about the kind of interventions that they will provide for their inhabitants. Many have gone so far as to remove certain procedures (e.g. tattoo removal, gender reorientation and fertility treatments) from the list of services that they will provide. 

American or Japanese physicians are frequently surprised at European drug labels. The brevity and the relative scarcity of quantitative data reflect a very different philosophy. Such labels arise from a regulatory milieu which itself has a different philosophy, expecting product manufacturers to assume responsibilities that would be accepted by the regulatory authorities in the United States and Japan. There is no European equivalent of the worldwide enforcement arm of the FDA. 

Today s supply chain practices evolved by many years of experience from industrial revolution, that is the world is not characterized by scarcity but challenged with a variety of customer needs [2]. In other words, a customer s passive acceptance of a product shifted to active encounter in the design and delivery of a... 

As a further step to conserve supplies of acetone-based cordite — due to its stability and uniformity of effect, the preferred choice for naval gunnery — the Research Department at the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich devised a new type of cordite for land service. This was known as cordite RDB. In place of highly nitrated insoluble guncotton, soluble nitrocellulose was substituted, and ether-alcohol was used as the solvent. This resulted in scarcity and higher prices for ether-alcohol, produced by the alcohol distilleries. Despite this, and although it was more expensive to manufacture, cordite RDB was accepted for use in May 1915, and put into production as a war emergency measure. ... 

They will be less accepting of the current levels of waste in the supply chain. Their focus will be on scarcity of materials and improving human welfare. They will be pushing to redefine commonly accepted processes for returns, scrap, and rework. 

Since the middle of the 1980s, the traditional method of zircon geochronology was complemented by the use of the sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) [17], with which 15 pm diameter spots on zircons can be dated, and metamict or mixed-age domains avoided. Since minimal amounts of material are used, this method is still preferred in cases where the material to be analyzed is scarce, such as zircons from extraterrestrial samples, or the early Archean ( 4.4 Ga) [18]. Unfortunately, the number of SHRIMP instmments is limited, and in cases where scarcity of material is not a problem, and a precision on the level of a few million years is acceptable, SHRIMP and TIMS techniques for zircon dating have been largely replaced by LA-ICP-MS analyses, pioneered in the early 1990s [19,20]. Here a laser beam is used to excavate a small (15-90 pm diameter) pit in the mineral, from which the ablated material is transferred to the plasma of an ICP-MS instrument, where ionization and analysis take place (see also Chapters 2 and 4). 

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