Scanning electron microscopy X-ray microanalysis

Air-dry samples have been studied using the methods of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The latter two methods are crucial for conclusions regarding thermal pre-treatment of samples to be exploited in power sources. 

Anthropogenic pollution Fourier IR spectroscopy Hydrophytic plants Scanning electron microscopy X-ray microanalysis... 

Lyman CE, Newbury DE, Goldstein JI, et al. (1990) Scanning electron microscopy, X-Ray microanalysis and analytical electron microscopy. A Laboratory Workbook. New York Plenum. 

C. E. Lyman, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Microanalysis and Analytical Microscopy (Plenum, New York, 1990). 

The particles were deposited on the slides by in5>actation, sedimentation and diffusion. Subsequently, the samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Information on morphology and size distribution was obtained from image analysis, while the elemental composition of particles was determined by electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA). 

High quality, cost effective analytical services are essential for the characterization of research samples. Analytical methods include Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis, Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis, X-Ray Eluorescence,... 

Optical microscopy (OM), polarized light microscopy (PLM), phase contrast microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) are the methods normally used for identification and quantification of the trace amounts of asbestos fibers that are encountered in the environment and lung tissue. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDXS) is used in both SEM and TEM for chemical analysis of individual particles, while selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern analysis in TEM can provide details of the cell unit of individual particles of mass down to 10 g. It helps to differentiate between antigorite and chrysotile. Secondary ion mass spectrometry, laser microprobe mass spectrometry (EMMS), electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are also analytical techniques used for asbestos chemical characterization. 

Many interesting studies have been published on the effects of a polluted atmosphere on stone with emphasis on the more chemical aspects [39,40,41]. The physical-chemical analytical techniques employed in the study of building materials provide very accurate qualitative and quantitative results on the alterations related to the patina or crust as well as the bulk chemistry of the exposed stone. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA), Fourier-transform infrared analysis (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-Ray fluorescence, Ion Chromatography, are the most used techniques for the studies of sulphate black crusts as well as to evaluate the effect of exposition time of the sample stone to weathering[42,43]. 

R. E. Lee, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, PTR Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993. 

Goldstein JI, Newbury DE, Ecklin P, Joy DG, Fiori G, Lipshin E (1981) Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis, Plenum, New York... 

Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis Principles of Electroanalytical Methods Potentiometry and Ion Selective Electrodes Polarography and Other Voltammetric Methods Radiochemical Methods Clinical Specimens Diagnostic Enzymology Quantitative Bioassay... 

Goldstein JI. Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Microanalysis A Textfor Biologists, Material Scientists and Geologists, Plenum Press, New York, 1981. 

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