Electron microscopy microanalysis

In this book, we have highlighted the unique contributions of electron microscopy, microanalysis and ED to our understanding of catalysis and the rational design of advanced catalysts at the nano-scale and processes. EM methods, including in... 

R. E. Lee, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, PTR Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993. 

L. Reimer. Transmission Electron Microscopy Physics of Image Formation and Microanalysis. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984. This is an advanced but comprehensive source on TEM. Reimer also authored a companion volume on SEM. 

High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and Associated Techniques. (P. R. Buseck, J. M. Cowley, and L. Eyring, eds.) Oxford University Press, New York, 1988. A review covering these techniques in detail (except X-ray microanalysis) including extensive material on high-resolution TEM. 

D. C. Joy in Monte Carlo Modelingfor Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995. 

The crystallization of glassy Pd-Ni-P and Pd-Cu-P alloys is complicated by the formation of metastable crystalline phaf s [26]. The final (stable) crystallization product consists of a mixture of a (Pd,Ni) or (Pd,Cu) fee solid solution and more than one kind of metal phosphide of low crystallographic symmetry. Donovan et al. [27] used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray microanalysis to study the microstructure of slowly cooled crystalline Pd4oNi4oP2o- They identified the compositions of the metal phosphides to be Pd34Ni45P2j and Pdg8Ni[4Pjg. 

Goldstein JI, Newbury DE, Ecklin P, Joy DG, Fiori G, Lipshin E (1981) Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis, Plenum, New York... 

A number of techniques have been employed that are capable of giving information about amorphous phases. These include infrared spectroscopy, especially the use of the attenuated total reflection (ATR) or Fourier transform (FT) techniques. They also include electron probe microanalysis, scanning electron microscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Nor are wet chemical methods to be neglected for they, too, form part of the armoury of methods that have been used to elucidate the chemistry and microstructure of these materials. 

Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis Principles of Electroanalytical Methods Potentiometry and Ion Selective Electrodes Polarography and Other Voltammetric Methods Radiochemical Methods Clinical Specimens Diagnostic Enzymology Quantitative Bioassay... 

Air-dry samples have been studied using the methods of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The latter two methods are crucial for conclusions regarding thermal pre-treatment of samples to be exploited in power sources. 

Goldstein JI. Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Microanalysis A Textfor Biologists, Material Scientists and Geologists, Plenum Press, New York, 1981. 

Morgan JA. X-ray Microanalysis in Electron Microscopy for Biologists, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1985. 

Van Steveninck RFM, Van Steveninck ME. Microanalysis, in Electron Microscopy of Plant Cells (Hall JL, Hawes C, eds.), Academic Press, London, 1991, pp. 415-455. 

Lichtenberger O, Neumann D. Analytical electron microscopy as a powerful tool in plant cell biology examples using electron energy loss spectroscopy and x-ray microanalysis. Eur J Cell Biol 1997 73 378-386. 

Laser ablation is another important development, allowing solid samples to be directly analysed by ICP, since it offers the possibility of spatially-resolved microanalysis of solid samples, in a manner similar to electron microscopy, but with greater sensitivity and the potential for isotopic analysis. In this technique, a high-energy pulsed laser is directed onto a solid sample, with a beam diameter of less than 25 pm. The pulse vaporizes about 1 pg of material, to leave a crater... 

Although x-ray microanalysis in the STEM is the most developed form of analytical electron microscopy, many other types of information can be obtained when an electron beam interacts with a thin specimen. Figure 2 shows the various signals generated as electrons traverse a thin specimen. The following information about heterogeneous catalysts can be obtained from these signals ... 

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