Scanning electron microscopy heating effects

We have studied the effect of heating on the color, on the dry and wet tensile properties, on the abrasion characteristics, and on the dyeing and resultant color properties of the linen. We also examined the effect of heat treatment on the crystallinity of flax by wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and on the surface morphology of flax fibers by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 

Hearne, L. E., M. P. Penfield, and G. E. Goertz. 1978. Heating effects of bovine semitendi-nosus Phase contrast microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Food Science 43 13-16. 

Electron microscopy is one example of electron beam analysis of polsrmers and PMC. Beam charging effects occur in most polymers and PMC (99), imless when coated with a thin conductive layer (carbon, gold, or platinum). Environmental scanning electron microscopes (ESEM) do not require such coatings (100). Size and shape of the test object and possible electron beam heating effects then decide whether the method is NDT... 

Scanning electron microscopy micrographs taken in the normal mode do not always permit effective observation of features on fiber surfaces. Display modes such as deflection or Y modulation and imaging modes such as back-scattered electron imaging (BEI) can provide clearer contrast, as shown in Figs 5.5 and 5.6. Heat aging of polymer fibers can cause cyclic trimers and oligomers to diffuse to the fiber... 

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