Scandium thermodynamic propertie

Scandium Thermodynamic Properties, Chemical Equilibria, and Standard Potentials... 

Experimental thermodynamic information is not available about solid scandium selenides, but Mills [74M1L] has estimated thermodynamic properties for ScSe(cr) and Sc2Se3(cr). The former selenide has been reported as non-existent in [65ELL]. 

Selected Values of the Thermodynamic Properties of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanide Elements... 

Scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides represent 17% of all of the elements that can be obtained in coherent form. In view of their similar chemical behavior separation of these elements proved to be formidable (Szabadvary, 1988) but all of the metals have now been obtained in relatively high purity and, except for promethium, their thermodynamic properties have been measured with varying degrees of quality. Based on the interpolation of the properties of neighboring elements, it has also been possible to estimate the thermodynamic properties of promethium in order to complete this review. Because of the radioactive nature of this element and the fact that the most stable isotope has half-life of only 17.7 years, it is unlikely that further measurements will be carried out beyond the very basic properties which have already been determined. 

CHAPTER 258. SELECTED VALUES OF THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SCANDIUM, YTTRIUM, AND THE LANTHANIDE ELEMENTS... 

Gurvich LV, Ezhov YuS, Osina EL, Shenyavskaya EA (1999) The structure of molecules and the thermodynamic properties of scandium halides. Russ J Phys Chem 73 331—344... 

Giricheva NI, Lapshin SB, Girichev GV (1996) Sttucmral, vibrational, and energy characteristics of halide molecules of group II-V elements. J Struct Chem 37 733-746 Gurvich LV, Ezhov YuS, Osina EL, Shenyavskaya EA (1999) The structure of molecules and the thermodynamic properties of scandium halides. Russ J Phys Chem 73 331-344 Birge RT (1925) The law of force and the size of diatomic molecules, as determined by their band spectra. Nature 116 783-784... 

The lanthanide and actinide halides remain an exceedingly active area of research since 1980 they have been cited in well over 2500 Chemical Abstracts references, with the majority relating to the lanthanides. Lanthanide and actinide halide chemistry has also been reviewed numerous times. The binary lanthanide chlorides, bromides, and iodides were reviewed in this series (Haschke 1979). In that review, which included trihalides (RX3), tetrahalides (RX4), and reduced halides (RX , n < 3), preparative procedures, structural interrelationships, and thermodynamic properties were discussed. Hydrated halides and mixed metal halides were discussed to a lesser extent. The synthesis of scandium, yttrium and the lanthanide trihalides, RX3, where X = F, Cl, Br, and I, with emphasis on the halide hydrates, solution chemistry, and aspects related to enthalpies of solution, were reviewed by Burgess and Kijowski (1981). The binary lanthanide fluorides and mixed fluoride systems, AF — RF3 and AFj — RF3, where A represents the group 1 and group 2 cations, were reviewed in a subsequent Handbook (Greis and Haschke 1982). That review emphasized the close relationship of the structures of these compounds to that of fluorite. 

Podarevskaya, O.V., 1992, Thermodynamic properties of scandium, titanium and niobium, Ph.D. Chemistry thesis (Institute of Material Problems, Kiev) pp. 1-17. 

John W. Arblaster, Selected values of the thermodynamic properties of scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanide elements 321 Author index 567 Subject index 591... 

This review will be limited to certain thermodynamic properties of gaseous species of the elements yttrium, scandium, and lanthanum to lutetium. The dissociation enthalpies and enthalpies of formation are the two quantities which are evaluated and tabulated for all the species considered here. There have been two recent reviews by Gingerich (1980a, 1985) on this subject and should be referred to for literature references. In this review, the values reported in the literature have been recalculated in a large number of cases using newer data for reference systems. 

Crystal field theory is one of several chemical bonding models and one that is applicable solely to the transition metal and lanthanide elements. The theory, which utilizes thermodynamic data obtained from absorption bands in the visible and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, has met with widespread applications and successful interpretations of diverse physical and chemical properties of elements of the first transition series. These elements comprise scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper. The position of the first transition series in the periodic table is shown in fig. 1.1. Transition elements constitute almost forty weight per cent, or eighteen atom per cent, of the Earth (Appendix 1) and occur in most minerals in the Crust, Mantle and Core. As a result, there are many aspects of transition metal geochemistry that are amenable to interpretation by crystal field theory. 

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