Saw damage

A highly defective surface, such as a saw-damaged surface, may not exhibit anisotropic etching rates as shown in Fig. 7.37 for as-cut (100) and (111) wafers." The difference in the etch rates between the two orientations becomes clear after the damaged material is removed. 

Many different etchants have been developed for the evaluation of different types of crystal defects such as flow-pattern defects [115], stacking faults [74, 192, 193], dislocations [69, 72-74, 194], dislocation network [72, 193, 195], oxide precipitates [196], swirl patterns [74, 75, 148], striations [74, 197], hillock defects [198], epitaxial defects [192], epitaxial alignment [199], grain boundary [69, 72, 200], twin band [69], diamond saw damage [201], pn junction [202-204], metallic precipitates [205], and damaged layer of mechanically polished surface [206],... 

The toughness of wood is important in design for exactly the same reasons that that of steel is it determines whether a structure (a frame building, a pit prop, the mast of a yacht) will fail suddenly and unexpectedly by the propagation of a fast crack. In a steel structure the initial crack is that of a defective weld, or is formed by corrosion or fatigue in a wooden structure the initial defect may be a knot, or a saw cut, or cell damage caused by severe mishandling. 

After the furnace had been allowed to cool, the operating team, not realizing the extent of the damage, restarted the flow of feed water. They stopped it when they saw water running out of the firebox. It is fortunate they did not start the water flow earlier, or it would have caused explosive vaporization of the water [17]. As stated in Section 9.2.2 (e), equipment that has been taken outside its design or test range should not be used again until it has been examined. 

Until 1974, an architect was considered in law to be a quasi-arbitrator, and his valuation was final. However, the case of Sutclijfe v. Thackrah (1974) saw an end to this role. In that case, the architect overvalued the work that had been carried out, and because the client ordered the contractor off the job, he suffered loss, because of which he successfully sued the architects for damages. Architects and engineers suddenly had a greater interest in professional indemnity insurance. 

The early nineteenth century saw the beginning of factory production systems, particularly in the cotton mills of Lancashire and woolen mills in Yorkshire. Accidents arising from the use or misuse of steam plant, particularly boilers, became common and led not only to damage and destruction to property but also to death and bodily injury to persons in or about the scene of the explosions. 

During six days, from 2 to 10 June, the Gordon Riots had inflicted more damage on London than Paris would witness in a decade of revolution. When the historian Edward Gibbon saw the blazing prisons, looted houses, and black-coated marchers, he thought he d been whisked back to the... 

The importance of buffers in all areas of science is immense. At the outset of this chapter, we saw that digestive enzymes in lysosomes operate best in acid, which allows a cell to protect itself from its own enzymes. If enzymes leak into the buffered, neutral cytoplasm, they have low reactivity and do less damage to the cell than they would at their optimum pH. Figure 9-3 shows the pH dependence of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction that is fastest near... 

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