Saussure

Further, the nature of the gas far outpaces that of the adsorbent in its influence on the value of a, a fact noticed by de Saussure (21) as early as 1814. According to Baerwald (22) (1907) if A, B, C. . . denote different gases, it appears that the relation... 

It was observed by de Saussure in 1814 that heat is evolved during the adsorption of gases on charcoal, and quantitative measurements were made by Favre (24) (1874), Chappuis (1888), and Dewar (25) (1904). 

Absorption of Ammonia by Charcoal.—Reference to the surface energy of charcoal has already been made. Its absorption of ammonia is very considerable, but varies with the physical condition of the charcoal, as well as with the material from which it has been made Saussure Found that freshly ignited boxwood absorbs about 90 times its own volume of ammonia, while Hunter has shown that freshly prepared charcoal made from cocoa-nut shell absorbs about 171 times its own volume of ammonia. 

Before the availability of artificial fertilizers in the mid-19th century, farms were traditionally organic, with recycling of animal waste, and perhaps with the application of lime on acid soils. Agricultural chemical analysis may have begun with Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786), the Swedish pharmacist who isolated citric acid from lemons and gooseberries and malic acid from apples. In France, Nicolas Theodore de Saussure (1767-1845) studied the mineral composition of plant ash, and in Britain, Sir Humphrey Davy... 

Something very similar had been conceived during the Symbolist era, itself a period notoriously fascinated with hermetic languages, by a thinker with no particular artistic or occultist inclinations, the Swiss linguist Eerdinand de Saussure (1857-1913). He stated that any successful attempt to communicate ideas requires a system of conventions, by which means what was... 

For Saussure, see Culler for cogent observations about the symbolists obsession with hermetic languages, see Staller. 

Jouffret, 186-93 his emphases. For a likely published source for some of Jouffret s esoteric chemical notions, see, among a few works concerning the strictly modem electrical and atomic, neo-alchemical subjects, Tiffereau (1889) see also Saussure (1891), plus further citations from the popular literature given in Henderson,... 

Crow, W. B. A History of Magic, Witchcraft and Occultism. Hollywood Wilshire, 1973. Culler, J. Saussure. London Faber, 1976. 

Saussure, Rene de. Sur une maniere de considerer les phenomenes physiques et chimiques. Revue Scientifique 47 (9 May 1891) 585—88. 

These early applications of adsorption were based on intuition and not on a systematic study. It was in 1773 that Scheele made the first quantitative observations in connection with adsorption, whereas F. Fontana in 1777 reported his experiments on the uptake of gases from charcoal and clays. However, the modern application of adsorption is attributed to Lowitz. Lowitz used charcoal for the decolorization of tartaric acid solutions in 1788. The next systematic studies were published by Saussure in 1814. He concluded that all types of gases can be taken up by a number of porous substances and this process is accompanied by the evolution of heat (Dabrowski, 2001). 

T. de Saussure Systematic studies on adsorption. He discovered the exothermic character of adsorption 1814... 

According to T. de Saussure (1814), charcoal absorbs about 85 times its own volume of hydrogen chloride at 12° and under a press, of 724 mm. and according to P. A. Favre, charcoal absorbs about 165 c.c. of hydrogen chloride per gram, and lO O Cals, of heat are evolved per mol. of gas absorbed. The actual amount absorbed depends upon the nature of the charcoal.20 G. Gore has observed the Pouillet effect with hydrochloric acid and silica. 

It thus appears, that under a diminished pressure water seethes at a lower temperature, and theeame happens with other liquids. Saussure found that, on the top of Mont Blanc, water boiled at 184° Fahr, In deep mines, on the contrary, It requires a muoh higher temperature than 212° to bring it to a state of ebullition. On this circum stance lias been based the con-... 

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