Saturation energy density

Saturation. For the simple two-level model the saturation energy density was shown to be... 

The combined effect of these TBF is a remarkable improvement of the saturation properties of nuclear matter [12], Compared to the BHF prediction with only two-body forces, the saturation energy is shifted from —18 to —15 MeV, the saturation density from 0.26 to 0.19 fm-3, and the compression modulus from 230 to 210 MeV. The spin and isospin properties with TBF exhibit also quite satisfactory behavior [18],... 

High intensity limit (saturation). Consider the rate equation for level 2 of our simple atom, Equation 6a. In the limit of large energy density, this equation reduces to... 

For molecules, the energy density required to saturate the excited transition can be as much as three orders of magnitude higher than for atoms. This may be seen from Equation 23 in terms of a saturation spectral energy density with a result similar to but more complicated than that of Equation 20. 

An extrapolation of the linear semilog plot to 100°C gives a maximum saturation current density of about 100 ma/cm2 which is sufficient for only a moderate etching rate. The increase in saturation current density with temperature for silicon is much less, since silicon has a larger energy gap than germanium. 

Gerber et al. [221] investigated the nucleation density of diamond on Si, which was placed on a heated stage, by changing the BEN parameters the CH4 concentration c< 15%CH4/H2, V, the biasing time, and T. The nucleation density became maximum of approximately 10 °/cm for 7],. >740°C at F = -250V, and did not depend on the CH4 concentration. Indeed, c = 5 and 15%CH4/H2 resulted in the same saturated nucleation density. An estimated ion energy for optimum nucleation was 70-80 eV, and hence it was concluded that the BEN process proceeds by a subplantation of hydrocarbon ions. 

The predicted surface tensions of the remaining six polymers listed in Table 7.5 cannot be compared with experimental data due to the lack of such data. They do, however, follow trends which may be expected from basic physical considerations. They are predicted to increase with increasing fractions of (a) units of high cohesive energy density and (b) aromatic moieties in the hydrocarbon portions of the polymeric repeat units, and to decrease with increasing fraction of saturated aliphatic moieties. 

Another interesting and important property of this autoionization is the observed intensity or cross section of about 8 x 10 16 cm2 wh-[ch s much larger than typical values of 10-17 or 10 18 cm. The cross section was measured by a saturation technique. (.5 >1 0 The ion yield at the resonance maximum was determined as a function of the energy density E3 of the ionizing laser pulse to generate the curve shown in Fig. 16 Saturation is indicated by the flat portion of the curve. The point A on the curve is taken as the saturation point characterized by the conditional ... 

DMFCs have potential near-term applications mainly in the portable power source market, as they are smaller, lighter, simpler, and cleaner than conventional batteries. Liquid methanol is consumed directly in a DMFC, which implies a higher energy density of the fuel cell system. But the power densities achievable with state-of-the-art DMFCs are still very small in comparison to hydrogen-fuelled PEMFCs. One of the major problems lies in the use of liquid methanol solution on the anode of the DMFC, which, on the one hand, keeps the ionomeric membrane water saturated (and thus no humidification is needed) but, on the other hand, does not keep fuel (methanol or any other organic fuel, e.g., formic acid, ethanol) and water from permeating to the cathode side, since the basic PFSA membranes are permeable to both methanol and water. - The fuel and water crossover from anode to cathode hampers the performance of the air cathode. 

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