Saturation definition

Signal generator Incorrect spectrum EMC emission standard not accomplished Signal filtering and power amplifier saturation definition... 

A heat of immersion may refer to the immersion of a clean solid surface, qs.imm. or to the immersion of a solid having an adsorbed film on the surface. If the immersion of this last is into liquid adsorbate, we then report qsv.imm if tbe adsorbed film is in equilibrium with the saturated vapor pressure of the adsorbate (i.e., the vapor pressure of the liquid adsorbate P ), we will write It follows from these definitions... 

The preceding definitions have been directed toward the treatment of the solid-liquid-gas contact angle. It is also quite possible to have a solid-liquid-liquid contact angle where two mutually immiscible liquids are involved. The same relationships apply, only now more care must be taken to specify the extent of mutual saturations. Thus for a solid and liquids A and B, Young s equation becomes... 

It is thus tempting to define the first saturated layer as being one monolayer, and this often done, causing some confiision. One therefore also often uses tenns like saturated monolayer to indicate such a single adsorbate layer that has reached its maximal two-dimensional density. Sometimes, however, the word saturated is omitted from this definition, resulting m a different notion of monolayer and coverage. One way to reduce possible confiision is to use, for contrast with the saturated monolayer, the tenn fractional monolayer for the tenn that refers to the substrate unit cell rather than the adsorbate size as the criterion for the monolayer density. 

Vapour pressure. If a liquid is admitted into a closed vacuous space, it will evaporate or give off vapour until the latter attains a definite [)ressure, which depends only upon the temperature. The vapour is then said to be saturated. Experiment shows that at a given temperature... 

A saturated aqueous solution in contact with an excess of a definite solid phase at a given temperature will maintain constant humidity in an enclosed space. Table 11.4 gives a number of salts suitable for this purpose. The aqueous tension (vapor pressure, in millimeters of Hg) of a solution at a given temperature is found by multiplying the decimal fraction of the humidity by the aqueous tension at 100 percent humidity for the specific temperature. For example, the aqueous tension of a saturated solution of NaCl at 20°C is 0.757 X 17.54 = 13.28 mmHg and at 80°C it is 0.764 X 355.1 = 271.3 mmHg. 

Type I isotherms are characterized by a plateau which is nearly or quite horizontal, and which may cut the p/p° = 1 axis sharply or may show a tail as saturation pressure is approached (Fig. 4.1). The incidence of hysteresis varies many Type I isotherms exhibit no hysteresis at all (Fig. 4.1), others display a definite loop, and in others there is hysteresis which may or may not persist to the lowest pressures ( low-pressure hysteresis ) (Fig. 4.2). Type 1 isotherms are quite common, and are no longer restricted, as seemed at one time to be the case, to charcoals. Many solids, if suitably prepared, will yield Type 1 isotherms the xerogcls of silica, titania, alumina... 

The temperature at which water condenses from natural gas is called its dew point. If the gas is saturated with water vapor, it is by definition at its dew point. The amount of water vapor saturated in the gas is given... 

The line = 0 can be considered as a borderline for applicability of the basic model, in which the Gaussian curvature is always negative. Recall that in the basic model the oil-water interface is saturated by the surfactant molecules by construction of the model. Hence, for equal oil and water volume fractions the Gaussian curvature must be negative, by the definition of the model. 

Other oxides of phosphorus are less well characterized though the suboxide PO and the peroxide P2O6 seem to be definite compounds. PO was obtained as a brown cathodic deposit when a saturated solution of Et3NHCl in anhydrous POCI3 was electrolysed between Pt electrodes at 0°. Alternatively it can be made by the slow reaction of POBrs with Mg in Et20 under reflux ... 

In electrochemistry it is customary to multiply each of those quantities by Avogadro s constant and, when a few additional ions enter the already saturated solution, to speak of the entropy of solution per mole. Let the entropy of one mole of the crystalline solid be denoted by Scr and let Si and S2 denote, respectively, the entropy of the solution before, and after, the entry of the additional solute, both expressed in calories per mole. The total initial entropy is obviously (S + Si) and the final entropy is St. The difference between the final and the initial entropy is by definition AS,at. 

The most widely used reference electrode, due to its ease of preparation and constancy of potential, is the calomel electrode. A calomel half-cell is one in which mercury and calomel [mercury(I) chloride] are covered with potassium chloride solution of definite concentration this may be 0.1 M, 1M, or saturated. These electrodes are referred to as the decimolar, the molar and the saturated calomel electrode (S.C.E.) and have the potentials, relative to the standard hydrogen electrode at 25 °C, of 0.3358,0.2824 and 0.2444 volt. Of these electrodes the S.C.E. is most commonly used, largely because of the suppressive effect of saturated potassium chloride solution on liquid junction potentials. However, this electrode suffers from the drawback that its potential varies rapidly with alteration in temperature owing to changes in the solubility of potassium chloride, and restoration of a stable potential may be slow owing to the disturbance of the calomel-potassium chloride equilibrium. The potentials of the decimolar and molar electrodes are less affected by change in temperature and are to be preferred in cases where accurate values of electrode potentials are required. The electrode reaction is... 

Again, if we consider the initial substances in the state of liquids or solids, these will have a definite vapour pressure, and the free energy changes, i.e., the maximum work of an isothermal reaction between the condensed forms, may be calculated by supposing the requisite amounts drawn off in the form of saturated vapours, these expanded or compressed to the concentrations in the equilibrium box, passed into the latter, and the products then abstracted from the box, expanded to the concentrations of the saturated vapours, and finally condensed on the solids or liquids. Since the changes of volume of the condensed phases are negligibly small, the maximum work is again ... 

We shall now assume that it is possible to have a system in equilibrium composed of the various phases at a specified temperature and total pressure. This will be characterised by certain definite relations between the compositions of the phases (for example, a solid salt, saturated solution, vapour of the solvent). Let 77, T = total pressure, and temperature, of the system. n = number of components (cf. 84). r = phases ... 

These compds may be modified by monocar-boxy lie acids or poly hydroxy alcohols. This definition includes the polycarbonates (qv), which are a well-defined segment of the general class of polyesters. Unsaturated polyesters, which are produced when any of the reactants contain non-aromatic unsaturation, can be cross-linked or copolymerized with an un-saturated copolymerizable monomer. The formulas and properties of the class polyester are as varied and extensive as the reactants themselves. For specific information on the various sub-classes and sub-sub classes, the following refs should be consulted 9, 10, II, 16a, 17,18,... 

In order that hot condenser water may be re-used in a plant, it is normally cooled by contact with an air stream. The equipment usually takes the form of a tower in which the hot water is run in at the top and allowed to flow downwards over a packing against a countercurrent flow of air which enters at the bottom of the cooling tower. The design of such towers forms an important part of the present chapter, though at the outset it is necessary to consider basic definitions of the various quantities involved in humidification, in particular wet-bulb and adiabatic saturation temperatures, and the way in which humidity data are presented on charts and graphs. While the present discussion is devoted to the very important air-water system, which is in some ways unique, the same principles may be applied to other liquids and gases, and this topic is covered in a final section. 

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