Satellite data/imagery

The ice charts and ice edge products from ice charting agencies in the US, Canada, Norway, Denmark, Russia, Germany, Sweden and Japan also serve as data sources in the absence of direct satellite data. These charts are constructed by analysts trained in remote sensing imagery interpretation and sea ice climatology. Spati resolution of these charts is 4 km. An example name of file is masie ice rOO-... 

From these and other data it follows that accuracy in the estimate of radiation balance as a function of space coordinates depends on cloud distribution, their state, and atmospheric pollution, as well as on the chosen size of pixels for spatial averaging. In this connection, Henderson and Chylek (2005) used image data from the Multispectral Thermal Imager to evaluate the effect of spatial resolution on aerosol optical depth retrieval from satellite imagery. It was shown that aerosol optical depth (AOD) depends weakly on pixel size in the range 40 x 80 m2 to 2,040 x 4,080 m2 in the absence of clouds and changes monotonically with the growing size of pixels in clouds. 

Several radar satellites are now available that operate in the same manner as airborne radar and share their many limitations. Despite these limitations, radar imagery from satellite is particularly useful for mapping large oil spills. Arrangements to provide the data within a few hours are possible, making this a useful option. 

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite imagery shows an enhanced aerosol optical depth in the Northern versus Southern Hemisphere (SH), with maxima in the vicinity of industrial regions (Durkee et al., 1991). In addition, the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) data show a factor of 3 springtime and summertime enhancement of aerosol extinction in the NH midlatitude upper troposphere versus the SH (Kent et al., 1991). As noted in Chapter 2, most anthropogenic sulfate is produced in the NH. 

Stumpf, R.P., Culver, M.E., Tester, P.A., Tomlinson, M., Kirkpatrick, G.J., Pederson, B.A., Traby, E., Ransibrahmanakul, V., and Soracco, M. Monitoring Karenia brevis blooms in the Gulf of Mexico using satellite ocean color imagery and other data. Harmful Algae, 2, 147-160, 2003. 

Because there is no visible satellite imagery at night, we use the infrared data from MISAT-IR satellite, JMA to inverse the sea fog at night. Using the method of two-channel, which uses... 

All climate models are simulations that make predictions about climate processes. Chmate change skeptics and deniers make that case that model predictions are merely simulations and not real data produced by real science. Without climate models, however, there would be no climate data. No climate observation, no satellite imagery or observation, no meteorological data, no atmospheric sampling. 

Lidar. Applications for lidar include surveying, forest inventorying, and mapping of power lines, structure and biomass, ice shelves, and open mine pits and stockpiles. Platforms can be helicopters, airplanes, semiautonomous aircraft, satellites, and terrestrial systems on tripods. Lidar can be combined with other data types, such as hyperspectral, to yield fused imagery for more comprehensive analyses of issues such as forest health. 

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