Sanger, Frederick method

Saccharic acids. See Aldaric acids Saccharin, 997 Salicylic acid, 737 acetylation of, 952 acidity of, 953 synthesis of, 952-954 Samuelsson, Bengt, 1025 Sandmeyer reactions, 892, 894, 906—907, 919 Sanger, Frederick, 1070—1074, 1101—1102 Sanger s reagent. See l-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene a-Santonin, 1046 Saponification, 794—799 Sawhorse diagrams, 90—91 Saytzeff. See Zaitsev, Alexander M. Schiemann reaction, 892, 893, 905 Schiff s base, 673, 689. See also Imines Schrbdinger, Erwin, 7 Schrbdinger equation. See Wave equation Scientific method, 217... 

Sanger dideoxy method A method, developed by Frederick Sanger, for sequencing DNA molecules. 

Frederick Sanger developed methods for determining the amino acid sequence of peptides and proteins. 

The first protein to have its sequence determined by these methods was insulin. This was accomplished in 1953 by the research group headed by Frederick Sanger. Sanger won the 1958 Nobel Prize in chemistry for directing this work. (He also shared the 1980 Nobel Prize for his contributions to DNA sequencing, so he is one of the few individuals to have won two Nobel Prizes.) Sanger chose insulin because it is readily available and is relatively small (51 amino acids). To help see the approach used to solve a problem of this type, let s examine a few of the many experiments that were used. 

A very successful method of identifying the N-terminal residue (introduced in 1945 by Frederick Sanger of Cambridge University) makes use of 2,4-dinitro-fluorobenzene (DNFB), which undergoes nucleophilic substitution by the free amino group to give an N-dinitrophenyl (DNP) derivative. The substituted peptide... 

Frederick Sanger (1918- ) was born in Gloucestershire, England, and received his Ph.D. at the University of Cambridge in 1943. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1958 for his determination of the structure of insulin, and in 1980 he became only the fourth person ever to win a second Nobel Prize. This second prize was awarded for his development of a method for sequencing nucleotides in DNA. 

In the 1970s he developed a widely used technique of using gel electrophoresis to read nucleotide sequences of DNA segments. The same method was developed independently by Frederick Sanger, and they both won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1980 for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids. ... 

The method of DNA sequencing that is used is based on a technique developed by Frederick Sanger. A cloned piece of DNA is separated into its two strands. Each of these will serve as a template strand to carry out DNA replication in test tubes. A primer strand is also needed. This is a short piece of DNA that will hybridize to the template strand. The primer is the starting point for addition of new nucleotides during DNA s)mthesis. 

The restriction fragments can be sequenced using a chain-terminator procedure developed by Frederick Sanger known as the dideoxy method. This method involves generating fragments whose length depends on the last base added to the fragment. Because of its simplicity, it has superceded alternative methods. 

The year 1975 heralded DNA sequencing. Walter Gilbert (bom 1932) and Allan Maxam and Frederick Sanger (bom 1918) simultaneously develop different methods for determining the sequence of bases in DNA with relative ease and efficiency. 

The most common method for DNA sequencing makes use of bacterial DNA polymerase I. Frederick Sanger, was awarded two Nobel Prizes, one for discovering a way of sequencing proteins and one for discovering how to sequence DNA ... 

Most DNA sequencing today is done essentially by the same enzymatic method conceived by Frederick Sanger in the 1970s—while DNA electrophoresis instruments and molecular labels have improved (we now use fluorescent dyes, whereas Sanger used radioactive labeling), the basic... 

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