Sample separable rate

Continuous free flow electrophoresis has been used for the separation of biopolymers (e.g. ovalbumin and lysozyme) [20] as well as smaller inorganic species (e.g. [Co sepulchrate)] and [Co (CN)g] ) [21]. Sample processing rates of 15 mg h were reported for a mixture of Amaranth (MW 804) and Patent Blue VF (MW 1159) [22]. 

In another report, FFE separation of two FITC-labeled amino acids was carried out on a PDMS-glass chip consisting of micrometer-sized posts. Separation was achieved in 75 ms using a sample flow rate of 2 nL/s. The presence of these posts resulted in a very small separation bed volume, which allowed for the application of higher electric field, higher separation speed, and higher resolution [653]. 

Most ultrasonic nebulizers use a somewhat larger sample uptake rate (2-3 mL/min) than pneumatic nebulizers. Typically the spray chamber and/or a tube following the spray chamber is heated to evaporate water partially from the aerosol. Because the aerosol transport efficiency is higher when an ultrasonic nebulizer is used, particularly with a heated spray chamber, a system to remove solvent (typically a condenser and/or membrane separator) is essential to prevent deleterious cooling of the ICP by excess water. 

Single, double and triple filaments have been broadly used in thermal ionization sources. In a single filament source, the evaporation and ionization process of the sample are carried out on the same filament surface. Using a double filament source, the sample is placed on one filament used for the evaporation while the second filament is left free for ionization. In this way, it is possible to set the sample evaporation rate and ionization temperature independently, thus separating the evaporation from the ionization process. This is interesting when the vapour pressure of the studied elements reaches high values before a suitable ionization temperature can be achieved. A triple filament source can be useful to obtain a direct comparison of two different samples under the same source conditions. 

In rate-zonal centrifugation (or velocity sedimentation) the sample is loaded as a thin layer on the top of a density gradient medium. During centrifugation, the sample separates into bands, and the particles are separated on the basis of their different sedimentation coefficients (s). For biological particles, the coefficient s is mainly related to the size of the particles. This process is illustrated in Figure 13.7(a). 

Fig. 8-8. Anion analysis of a Rhine water sample. — Separator column IonPac AS3 eluent 0.0028 mol/L NaHCOj + 0.0022 mol/L Na2C03 flow rate 2.3 mL/min detection suppressed conductivity injection 50 pL Rhine water (Dussel-dorf).

Figure 2. A sampling of separation rate, the number of peaks eluting per hour, against year of publication. Results are taken from Strain (3),...

The development of automated luminometers is focused primarily on devices that achieve high sample throughput rates, typically through the use of 96 and 384 well microtitre plates. Whilst suited for many applications, these systems require a skilled operator and often do not provide rapid results when the time taken to prepare the microtitre plate is included in the assay time. An instrument that can perform on demand, automated, near real time analysis using a variety of luminescent assay protocols has been developed. The instrument has been designed to automate various luminescent assays including adenylate kinase (AK) assays and those that use magnetic separation steps in conjunction with bioluminescence. ... 

If one can fix the column length at an optimum for the sample feed rate, then one can fix the amount of solvent required to get that separation. 

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