Saguinus

The ability to compare semiochemical patterns and to assess degrees of similarity is a likely mechanism underlying the establishment, and eventually the maintenance of genetic divergence. Amongst Tamarins (Saguinus spp.) and Marmosets, both for within- and between- (related) species distinctions, the complexity of their scent marks provides a discriminatory mechanism (Epple et ai, 1987 Smith et al., 1997). Mixed species groups of these monkeys are enabled to co-exist, to... 

Belcher A.M., Epple G., Greenfield K.L., Richards L.E., et al. (1990). Proteins biologically relevant components of the scent marks of a primate (Saguinus fusicollis). Chem Senses 15, 431-446. 

Epple G. (1978). Studies on the nature of chemical signals in scent marks and urine of Saguinus fiiscicollis (Callitrichidae, Primates). J Chem Ecol 4, 383-394. 

Epple G., Alveario M.C., Golob N.F. and Smith A.B. (1980). Stability and attractiveness related to age of scent marks of Saddle-Back Tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis). J Chem Ecol 6, 735-748. 

Evans C.S. and Grigorieva E.V. (1995). Morphology of the vomeronasal organ in two South American primates, Red-Bellied Tamarin (Saguinus labiatus) and Dwarf Marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea) histology and lectin histochemistry. Adv Biosciences 93, 31-42. 

Mendoza A.S., Kuderling I., Kuhn H.J. and Kuhnel W. (1994). The vomeronasal organ of the New-world monkey Saguinus fuscicollis (Callitrichidae) — a light and transmission-electron microscopic study. Ann Anat 176, 217-222. 

Washabaugh K. and Snowdon C.T. (1998). Chemical communication of reproductive status in female Cotton-Top Tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus). Am J Primatol 45, 337-349. 

French, J.A. and Cleveland, J. (1984) Scent-marking in the tamarin, Saguinus oedipus sex differences and ontogeny. Anim. Behav. 32, 615-623. 

Buchanan-Smith, H.M., Anderson, D.A. and Ryan, C.W. (1993) Responses of cotton-top tamarins (,Saguinus oedipus) to faecal scents of predators and non-predators. Anim. Welf. 2, 17-32. 

In primates, effects can be complex. Female cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus o. oedipus, require three conditions to start sexual behavior and ovarian cyclicity. These are release from the suppression by their mother, release from suppression by other family members, and direct contact with, or stimulation by, an unfamiliar male (Widowski etal, 1990). 

Among primates, red-bellied tamarins [Saguinus labiatus) sniff and avoid fecal extracts of jaguar (P. ottw), jaguarundi Herpailurus yagouaroundi), and mar-gay [Feliswiedi) more than those from non-predatory mammals. In this case, it is not clear whether these predators actually prey on tamarins (Caine and Weldon, 1989). 

Belcher, A., Epple, G., Kiiderling, L, and Smith, A. B. HI. (1988). Volatile components of scent material from cotton-top tamarin Saguinus o. oedipus) a chemical and behavioral study. JourndZo/C/remrmZEcoZcg)/ 14,1367-1384. 

Caine, N. G. and Weldon, P. J. (1989). Responses by red-bellied tamarins Saguinus labiatus) to fecal scents of predatory and non-predatory Neotropical mammals. Biotropica 21, 186-189. 

French, J. A., Abbot, D. H., and Snowdon, C. T. (1984). The effect of social environment on estrogen excretion, scent marking, and sociosexual behavior in tamarins Saguinus oedipus). American Journal ofPrimatology 6,155-167. 

Widowski, T. M., Ziegler, T. E., Elowson, H. M., and Snowdon, C. T. (1990). The role of males in the stimulation of reproductive function in female cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus o. oedipus. Animal Behaviour40,731-741. 

Ziegler, T. E., Epple, G., Snowdon, C. T., etal. (1993). Detection of the chemical signals of ovulation in the cotton-top tamarin, Saguinus oedipus. Animal Behaviour 45,313-322. 

The two groups of small, furry near-monkeys are extremely similar, but the marmosets (mostly in the genus Callithrix) and the tamarins (genus Saguinus) are located in different regions, overlapping in only one area near the mouth of the Amazon River. 

Rhesus macaque, Macaca mulatta, 634, 643 Rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta, 273, 599, 634, 640, 643, 722, 794, 805, 864, 884 Tamarin monkey, Saguinus fuscicollis, 233 Moose, Afces alces, 142, 465, 552, 704, 737... 

Epple, G., Alveario, M. C., Belcher, A. M., and Smith, A. B. m, 1987, Species and subspecies specificity in urine and scent marks of saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus juscicollis), bit J. Primatol 8 663-681. 

Epple, G., Golob, N.F. Smith, A.B. III. 1979. Odor communication in the tamarin Saguinus fuscicollis (Cal-litrichidae) behavioral and chemical studies. In Chemical Ecology Odour Communication in Animals (Ed. by F.J. Ritter), pp 117—130. Amsterdam Elsevier. 

Yarger, R, G., Smith, A. B. Ill, Preti, G., and Epple, G., 1977, The major volatile constituents of the scent mark of a South American primate (Saguinus fuscicollis, Callitricidae), J. Chem. Ecol., 3 45. 

Saguinus fusclcollls saddle-back tamarlns Upper Amazonia (Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru Bolivia)... 

Saguinus myStax black-chested moustached tamarln Western Brazil, Eastern Peru... 

Saguinus mldas Mldas tamarlns Guyana, Suriname, French Guyana, Eastern Brazil... 

Saguinus leucopus white-footed tamarln Northern Columbia... 

Saguinus oedlpus crested tamarlns Columbia, Panama, Costa Rica... 

In females, vaginal discharge may also be applied (Epple, 1975 French and Snowdon, 1981 Sutcliffe and Poole, 1978). Circumgenital marking is the most frequent of all marking patterns in Cebuella, all species of Callithrix and in Saguinus. 

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