Safety mechanical abuse tolerance

Battery safety has been obviously given a special attention in this volume. Commercial lithium-ion cells and batteries are commonly used to power portable equipment, but they are also used to buildup larger batteries for ground (e.g. EVs), space and underwater applications. Chapter 17 provides test data on the safety of commercial lithium-ion cells and recommendations for safe design when these cells are used in much larger battery configurations. Chapter 18 focuses on safety aspects of LIBs at the cell and system level. In particular, abuse tolerance tests are explained with actual cell test data. Furthermore, internal short and lithium deposition occurring in lithium-ion cells and failure mechanism associated with them are discussed. In Chapter 19, the state of the art for safety optimization of all the battery elements is presented. This chapter also reports tests on not yet commercialized batteries, which pass all the security tests without the help of a BMS. 

The safety and efficacy of senna have been reviewed (4). Its rhein-anthrone-induced laxative effects occur through two distinct mechanisms, an increase in intestinal fluid transport, which causes accumulation of fluid intralumm-ally, and an increase in intestinal motihty. Senna can cause mild abdominal complaints, such as cramps or pain. Other adverse effects are discoloration of the urine and hemorrhoidal congestion. Prolonged use and overdose can result in diarrhea, extreme loss of electrolytes, especially potassium, damage to the surface epithelium, and impairment of bowel function by damage to autonomic nerves. Abuse of senna has also been associated with melanosis coli, but resolution occurs 8-11 months after withdrawal. Tolerance and genotoxicity do not seem to be problems associated with senna, especially when used periodically in therapeutic doses. 

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