S-apomorphine

Figure 12. Novel volume required by inactive isomer (S)-apomorphine oriented by pharmacophore...

Riffee WH, Wilcox RE, Smith RV, Davis PJ, Brubaker A (1982) Inhibition of R(-)-apomorphine-induced stereotypic cage-climbing behavior in mice by S(+)-apomorphine. Adv Biosci 37 357-362... 

The ortho diphenolic structure of apomorphine makes it a strongly reducing substance hence, in acid medium it forms the blue colored or//io-qulnone (6) with iodine or other oxidizing agent which is in equilibrium with its zwitterionic limiting structure (7) (Pellargi s reaction [14]). 

People with Parkinson s disease show a specific degeneration of the nigrostriatal tract so DA must be linked in some way to the control of motor function. It is also known that an imbalance of DA function on the two sides of the rat brain, either by stimulation or lesion of one SN, causes off-line or rotational movement (Ungerstadt and Arbuthnott 1970). This is best shown some days after 6-OHDA lesion of one substantia nigra and its nigrostriatal pathway when systemic apomorphine (DA agonist) causes animals to turn away from the lesioned side (contraversive), presumably... 

Geyer, M.A. Russo, P.V. Segal, D.S. and Kuczenski, R. Effects of apomorphine and amphetamine on patterns of locomotor and investigatory behavior in rats. Pharmacol Biochern Behav 28 393-399, 1987. 

Kelly, P.H. Seviour, P. and Iversen, S.D. Amphetamine and apomorphine response in the rat following 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi and corpus striatum. Brain Res 94 507-522, 1975. 

Roberts, D.C.S., and Vickers, G. Increased motivation to self-administer apomorphine following 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the nueleus aeeum-bens. In Kalivas, P.W., and Nemeroff, C.B., eds. The Mesocortico-limbic Dopamine System. Vol. 537. New York Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1988. pp. 523-524. 

Finnegan, K.T. Rieaurte, G. Seiden, L.S. and Schuster, C.R. Altered sensitivity to rhesus monkeys depleted of eaudate dopamine by repeated administration of (7-methylamphetamine. Psychopharmacology 77 43-52, 1982. 

Meshul, C.K., Kamel, D., Moore, C., Kay, T.S., Krentz, L. Nicotine alters striatal glutamate function and decreases the apomorphine-induced contralateral rotations in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Exp. Neurol. 175 257, 2002. 

Dickinson, S. L., Jackson, A., and Curzon, G. (1983) Effect of apomorphine on behaviour induced by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine Three different scoring methods give three different conclusions. Psychopharmacology, 80 196-197. 

Aymard, G., Berlin, L, de Brettes, B., and Diquet, B., Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study of apomorphine s effect on growth hormone secretion in healthy subjects, Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol., 17, 473-481, 2003. 

Grunblatt E, Mandel S, Maor G, Youdim MB. 2001. Gene e]q>ression analysis in N-methyl-4-phenyl- 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine mice model of Parkinson s disease using cDNA microarray effect of R-apomorphine. J Neurochem 78 1. 

Casas M, Ferre S, Cobos A, Grau JM, Jane F (1989) Relationship between rotational behaviour induced by apomorphine and caffeine in rats with unilateral lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway. Neuropharmacology 28 407 09... 

Apomorphine is an agonist at both the and D2 receptors. From the pathological viewpoint, a malfunction of the receptors has been implicated in the negative s)nnptoms of schizophrenia but as there is a close interaction between these receptor types it is difficult to conclude whether the changes seen in schizophrenia are attributable to a primary decrease in receptor function or an increase in D2 receptor function. The function of the D5 receptors is unclear these receptors, though widely distributed in the brain, are only present in a relatively low density in comparison to the other dopamine receptor types. 

Apomorphine hydrochloride (44 Apokyn ) Morphine (43) Alkaloid Semi-synthetic NP Plant Parkinson s disease Potent dopamine receptor agonist 403 16... 

Schwab R, Amador L, Lettvin J. (1951) Apomorphine in Parkinson s disease. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 56 251-253. 

Corsini G Del Zompo M, Gessa G Mangoni A. (1979) Therapeutic efficacy of apomorphine combined with an extracerebral inhibitor of dopamine receptors in Parkinson s disease. Lancet 1 954-956. 

Deleu D, Hanssens Y, Northway MG (2004) Subcutaneous apomorphine An evidence-based review of its use in Parkinson s disease. Drugs Aging 21 687-709. 

Morphine (13) Apomorphine (36) Benzyltetrahydro-isoquinoline alkaloid Parkinson s disease... 

A number of benzo-15-crown-5 derivatives are known where chirality is associated with side chains or fused ring systems. For example, base-promoted reactions of l,ll-dichloro-3,6,9,-trioxaundecane with apomorphine and adrenaline have afforded the benzo-lS-crown-S derivatives 164 and 165, respectively... 

Rots NY, De Jong J, Workel JO, Levine S, Cools AR, De Kloet ER (1996) Neonatal maternally deprived rats have as adults elevated basal pituitary-adrenal activity and enhanced susceptibility to apomorphine. J Neuroendocrinol 8 501-506 Sajdyk T, Schober D, Smiley D, Gehlert D (2002b) Neuropeptide Y-Y2 receptors mediate anxiety in the amygdala. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 71 419-423 Sajdyk TJ, Vandergriff MG, Gehlert DR (1999) Amygdalar neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors mediate the anxiolytic-like actions of neuropeptide Y in the social interaction test. Eur J Pharmacol 368 143-147... 

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