Rydberg atomic

A term that is nearly synonymous with complex numbers or functions is their phase. The rising preoccupation with the wave function phase in the last few decades is beyond doubt, to the extent that the importance of phases has of late become comparable to that of the moduli. (We use Dirac s terminology [7], which writes a wave function by a set of coefficients, the amplitudes, each expressible in terms of its absolute value, its modulus, and its phase. ) There is a related growth of literatm e on interference effects, associated with Aharonov-Bohm and Berry phases [8-14], In parallel, one has witnessed in recent years a trend to construct selectively and to manipulate wave functions. The necessary techifiques to achieve these are also anchored in the phases of the wave function components. This bend is manifest in such diverse areas as coherent or squeezed states [15,16], elecbon bansport in mesoscopic systems [17], sculpting of Rydberg-atom wavepackets [18,19], repeated and nondemolition quantum measurements [20], wavepacket collapse [21], and quantum computations [22,23], Experimentally, the determination of phases frequently utilizes measurement of Ramsey fringes [24] or similar" methods [25]. 

The photodissociation of jet-cooled methyl from a flash pyrolysis source has also been studied at 216.3 nm using the hign-n Rydberg atom time-of-flight technique by Wilson and co-workers.113 The H-atom time-of-flight spectrum indicates that predissociation of Cl l s(/)2 ) at 216.3 nm predom-... 

The existence of outsized hydrogen atoms was inferred early on from the observation that 33 terms of the Balmer series could be observed in stellar spectra, compared to only 12 in the laboratory [58]. More recently [59] Rydberg atoms have been produced by exciting an atomic beam with laser light. When the outer electron of an atom is excited into a very high energy level, it enters a spatially extended orbital which is far outside the orbitals... 

When a Rydberg atom reduces its principal quantum number by one unit, when emitting a photon, the light is in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. With this radiation isolated Rydberg atoms can be observed in interstellar space, where interatomic collisions are rare. Atoms with n up to 350 have been observed by radio astronomical methods. 

The book contains very little original material, but reviews a fair amount of forgotten results that point to new lines of enquiry. Concepts such as quaternions, Bessel functions, Lie groups, Hamilton-Jacobi theory, solitons, Rydberg atoms, spherical waves and others, not commonly emphasized in chemical discussion, acquire new importance. To prepare the ground, the... 

Recent results show that even after the annihilation of periodic orbits at a bifurcation there remain traces of the annihilated periodic orbits in the quantum amplitudes [50]. These so-called ghost periodic orbits have been interpreted in terms of the complex periodic orbits created when the corresponding real periodic orbits are annihilated. Such phenomena have been experimentally observed for Rydberg atoms in a magnetic field [11,51]. We shall show below that such phenomena are also important in intramolecular and dissociation dynamics. 

In this context, it should be pointed out that an algebraic decay has also been numerically observed in classical Coulomb-type models of atomic autoionization processes by Blumel [141]. This might turn out to be relevant for Rydberg molecules, which also represent Coulomb-type systems. For the recent observation of algebraic decays in Rydberg atoms, see Ref. 142. 

T. F. Gallagher, Rydberg Atoms, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994. 

Rydberg atoms, atoms in states of high principal quantum number, n, are atoms with exaggerated properties. While they have only been studied intensely since the nineteen seventies, they have played a role in atomic physics since the beginning of quantitative atomic spectroscopy. Their role in the early days of atomic spectroscopy is described by White.1... 

The first appearance of Rydberg atoms is in the Balmer series of atomic H. Balmer s formula, from 1885, for the wavelengths of the visible series of atomic H, is given by1... 

One of the first properties to be explored was the sensitivity of Rydberg atoms to external electric fields, the Stark effect. While ground state atoms are nearly immune to electric fields, relatively modest electric fields not only perturb the Rydberg energy levels, but even ionize Rydberg atoms, as was shown in early... 

All the properties we have discussed thus far are those of atoms with one Rydberg electron. Double Rydberg atoms, atoms in which there are two highly excited electrons, exhibit pronounced correlation between the motions of the two... 

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