Russian chronic effects

Titkov ES, Oganesyan GA. 1995. [Study of the chronic effect of large doses of aluminum on the nervous and cardiac activity of rats with intramuscular injection]. Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 31 52-58. (Russian). 

An early report in the Russian literature indicated that chronic exposure of rats to 0.07-74ppm for 4 months caused irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract and damage to the liver. A more recent study exposed rats to a single intraperitoneal injection of 25-125pl/kg. Renal dysfunction, rather than hepatic effects, was seen in the form of oliguria, aciduria, and hypoosmolality. ... 

Russian comfrey (Symphytum x uplandicum Nyman) is widely recommended as a medicinal herb and an item of human diet. A previous investigation of this species led to the isolation of three alkaloids which were not fully characterized (cf. Vol. 7, p. 57). Culvenor and co-workers have separated eight pyrrolizidine alkaloids from the leaves of this perennial plant by counter-current distribution.21 The known alkaloids echimidine (51), symphytine (52), lycopsamine (53), and intermedine (54) were present. In addition, four new alkaloids, i.e. 7-acetyl-lycopsamine (55), 7-acetylintermedine (56), symlandine (57), and uplandicine (58), were characterized by spectroscopic methods, and by hydrolysis. The total alkaloidal extract caused chronic hepatotoxic effects in rats, and the authors... 

Goncharov, N.V., Mindukshev, I.V., Radilov, A.S., Kuznetsov, A.V., Dohrylko, LA. (2001). Effects of VX low doses on rat platelets in chronic experiment. In Medical Aspects of Radiation and Chemical Safety. Proceedings of the Russian Scientific Conference, Saint Petersburg, pp. 281-4. (In Russian)... 

Generalized symptoms of chronic exposure dibutyl phthalate include pain, numbness, spasms, weakness, and finally, polyneuritis. In an American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) study of 147 Russian workers exposed to several dibutyl esters for a period of 0.5-19 years and an air concentration of 1.7-66mgm reported significant adverse effects. By the seventh year of work, reports of pain, numbness, and muscle spasms were reported. These symptoms were followed by weakness in the extremities and a 32% rate of polyneuritis. 

Finally, we recognize that, as with chemical toxicity, we should consider the effects of both acute and chronic exposure. High doses from radioisotopes seem an unlikely event. The nonlaboratory, intentional, and fatal poisoning in 2006 of Alexander Litvinenko, a former member of the Russian Federal Security Service, is an exceptional case shidy, however, where it appears that a tiny dose of 2i0po was used to murder him. Also unlikely, but possible, is a high-level exposure of radiation due to an accident at a nuclear reactor. Table 5.3.8.5 shows the effects of large radiation doses (measured in rem). In comparison. Table 5.3.S.6 shows dose levels (in mrem) for a variety of events, both chronic and acute. 

Neshkov, N. S. Effects of chronic poisoning with ethylated gasoline on spermatogenesis and sexual function in males. (In Russian). Gig. Truda i Prof. Zabol. 15, 45 (1971). 

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