Ruminants, transmission

Phenothiazine [58-37-7] (thiodiphenylamine) is used orally against intestinal nematodes of ruminants and horses. It is used with occasional gastrointestinal upset, hemolytic processes, and photosensitivity. It is used routinely at low concentrations on horse farms to suppress the egg production of intestinal parasites (strongyles) and thus limit pasture contamination and transmission (4). 

Certain brain diseases of humans and animals known as proteinopathies are associated with the accumulation of misfolded proteins both inside and around neurons [1], Alzheimer s disease in humans is by far the most common member of this group. The prion diseases, exemplified by Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in man, scrapie in small ruminants, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, constitute a peculiar sub-group within proteinopathies by being experimentally transmissible [2], Because of this feature, together with the sponge-like appearance of vacuoles in affected brain areas, prion diseases are also known as Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs). 

Six OP compounds have been used as anthelmintics in domestic animals dichlorvos, trichlorfon, haloxon, coumaphos, naphthalophos, and crufomate. The first two were used in horses and the latter four in ruminants. These compounds affect parasites by ACh accumulation attributed to AChE inhibition, leading to interference with neuromuscular transmission and subsequently paralysis, followed by expulsion of parasites from the animal s body (Reinemcyer and Courtney, 2001). 

Thiry E, Saegerman C, Xambeu L, Penders J (2004). Current status of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in ruminants. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ., 8(4) 221-228. 

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