Rules, of logic

Alteration of rules of logic (compared with memory of usual rules)... 

Development, on the basis of the names of the larger parent compounds and the nor- structures and with the aid of established nomenclature rules, of logical series of simple names which are sufficiently definitive to show immediately the relations among compounds of a single... 

Success in scientific theory is won, not by rigid adherence to the rules of logic, but by bold speculation which dares even to break those rules if by that means new regions of interest maybe opened up. 

Evaluation and Cognitive Processing Alteration in rate of thought Alteration in quality of thought—sharpness, clarity Alteration of rules of logic (compared with memory of usual rules)... 

A rule of logic is that first principles cannot be tested by deductions that themselves rely on the same first principles. An important issue is, therefore, the question of whether the probability that a character is a homology can be estimated using a cladistic analysis, that is, if it is possible to identify homologies a posteriori (Patterson s test of congruence). The answer is complex (Wagele, 2000). 

Computer science and algebra The symbolic system of mathematical logic called Boolean algebra represents relationships between entities either ideas or objects. George Boole of England formulated the basic rules of the system in 1847. The Boolean algebra eventually became a cornerstone of computer science. 

Foulkes et al. (1988) have approached the synthesis of operating procedures from a more empirical angle. They have extended the work of Rivas and Rudd (1974) for the synthesis of complex pump and valve sequencing operations, relying on the use of logical propositions (implemented as rule-based expert systems), which capture the various types of constraints imposed on the states of a processing system. 

The most important difference between the rules of fuzzy logic and those of probability becomes apparent when we consider the membership of an object in two or more classes simultaneously. Let us suppose that the fuzzy statement ... 

From the different planning methods available within SNP, SNP optimization is selected because it offers the best fit to the customer requirements outlined above. The main reasons for this decision are the multisourcing characteristics of the supply network as well as the fact that the objective functions used by the SNP optimizer, profit maximization or cost minimization, correspond to the planning philosophy favored by the customer. In addition to SNP optimization with its cost-based approach, SNP offers several heuristic-based planning methods which follow a rule-based logic. 

In examining numerical approximations it is as well to bear in mind the general qualitative conclusion of our brief examination of symmetry constraints. In broad terms the result was the simpler the model the more severe the effect of any constraint on the variation principle. This result cannot be carried over directly and used in numerical work since numerical approximation schemes can rarely be brought into a sufficiently coherent logical and mathematical form for analysis. Nevertheless it seems likely that this result can be used as a guideline — a rule of thumb . We therefore expect that the imposition of formal constraints and consistency requirements (derived from a higher level of approximation or the exact solution) on numerical approximation schemes is likely to have far-reaching consequences — particularly on the... 

It is perhaps futile to hope that scientists can continuously focus on the true meaning of their logical tools and that they will use them properly. Their daily tasks are perhaps too complex to permit constant fine-tuning of the decision rules of their disciplines. Thus, they prefer to adopt conventions based on what others have experienced and described or on what appears to have served their disciplines well in the past(37). 

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