Rubber Compounding Technology

White J.L. and K.J. Kim. 2007. Thermoplastics and Rubber Compounds Technology and Physical Properties. Hanser Gardner. 

Thermoplastic and rubber compounds technology and physical chemistry /... 

Hard products may also be made by vulcanising rubber (natural or synthetic) using only about two parts of sulphur per 100 parts of rubber. In these cases either the so-called high-styrene resins or phenolie rubber compounding resins are ineorporated into the formulation. These compounds are processed using the methods of rubber technology but, like those of ebonite, the produets are more akin to plastics than to rubbers. Examples of the usage of these materials are to be found in battery boxes, shoe heels and ear washer brushes. 

The viscosity of elastomeric adhesives determines their method of application. Typically, solvent-borne rubber compounds require low viscosities for application. Thus, viscosities lower than 0.6 Pas for spray, curtain or dip applications are required, whereas for brush application viscosities lower than 5 Pa s are generally used. Roll- coating technology requires viscosities between 5 and 15 Pa s. 

Figure 6.21 Field desorption mass spectrum of the rubber compound (acetone extract analysis) of Table 6.36. After Lattimer et al. [229]. Reprinted with permission from Rubber Chemistry and Technology. Copyright (1990), Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, Inc.

LC-MS is now a nature technology and operation of an LC-MS system is no longer the realm of an MS specialist. The proper choice of the LC-MS mode to be used in a specific situation depends on analyte class, sample type and problem (detection, confirmation, identification). On-line LC-MS is used more for specialised applications than for general polymer or rubber compound analysis. This derives from the fact that LC-MS method development (column, solvent system, solvent programme, ionisation mode) is rather time consuming. LC-MS (in particular with API interface) enables analysis of a wide range of polar and nonvolatile compounds which cannot be analysed by GC (icf. Scheme 7.7). 

C.H. Hepburn, Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory and Innovation, Part II. Processing, Bonding, Fire Retardants, Rapra Review Report Nr. 97, Rapra Technology Ltd, Shawbury (1997). 

J.A. Sidwell, Research on extractables from food-contact rubber compounds using GC-MS and LC-MS based techniques, RubberChem, Munich, June 2002. Rapra Technology Ltd. Paper 16, 117-121. 

Rubber Technology) The statement of the kinds and amounts of elastomers and compounding ingredients which comprise a rubber compound. 

Methylphenyldimethoxysilane is used as a stabiliser (antistructuring additive) in the production of rubber compounds based on silicone elastomers and highly active fillers. Introducing up to 10% (weight) of methylphenyldimethoxysilane into a rubber mixture improves the physicochemical properties of vulcanised rubbers and helps to preserve the technological characteristics of the compounds in storage. 

The development of silicone elastomer technology has enabled synthetic rubber plants to obtain very convenient and practical rubber compounds. 

Rodgers B, Waddell WH, Klingensmith W. Rubber compounding. In Mark HP, editor. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology. New York John Wiley Sons, Inc 2004. 

Various applications of the injection molding system have been developed outside the scope of the cure of rubbers, and a few examples are given, with the substitution of thermoset rubbers by thermoplastic elastomers a range of thermoplastic elastomer compounds were introduced and processed using reaction compounding technology. They are called reaction modified thermoplastic elastomers or ReMoTE [5]. 

Oberster, A.E., Bouton, T.E., Valaites, J.K., 1973. Angew. Mackromol. Chem. 29/30 (Nr 367), 291. Rodgers, M.B., Waddell, W.H., KUngensmith, W., 2004. Rubber compounding. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th ed. John Wiley Sons, New York. 

Rodgers, B., Waddell, W.H., 2004. Rubber compounding. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th ed. John Wiley Sons, New YotIo. 

Bhowmick AK, Stephens HL (2001) Handbook of elastomers. Marcel Dekker, New York Ciesielski (1999) An introduction to rubber technology. Rapra Technology, UK Mark JE, Erman B (2005) The science and technology of rubber. Academic, New York Rodgers B (2(X)4) Rubber compounding - chemistry and applications. Marcel Dekker, New York... 

---