RPVs

No recirculation lines or pumps. They are eliminated by recirculation within the RPV... 

Eliminating all large nozzles from the lower region of the RPV. 

Providing a large inventory of water in the RPV region above the core. 

Attack o( pressure vessel Breach ol RPV and exit of core materials... 

The same shipment of raw, cooked and roasted glandless whole kernel cottonseed flours used in the FDA study was used to determine the protein efficiency ratio (PER) of each flour (8). The adjusted PER (Table II) of cooked (2.10) cottonseed was significantly higher than roasted (1.77) cottonseed. Protein retention efficiency (PRE) for roasted cottonseed (58.08) was lower than values for raw (60.54) and cooked (62.95) cottonseed. Relative protein values (RPV) indicated a utilization of 91, 91 and 96% of the protein in raw, roasted and cooked cottonseed, respectively. The multiplication of the (RPV) percentage utilization and the protein content of the cottonseed (Table I) results in the relative utilizable protein values (Table II). 

Table II. Average Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Relative Protein Value (RPV) and Relative Utilizable Protein for Raw, Roasted and Cooked Whole Kernel Cottonseed3...

Kerstholt RPV, Engberts JBFN, Blandamer MJ. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1993 2 49-51. 

They are applicable to electrodes of any shape and size and are extensively employed in electroanalysis due to their high sensitivity, good definition of signals, and minimization of double layer and background currents. In these techniques, both the theoretical treatments and the interpretation of the experimental results are easier than those corresponding to the multipulse techniques treated in the following chapters. Four double potential pulse techniques are analyzed in this chapter Double Pulse Chronoamperometry (DPC), Reverse Pulse Voltammetry (RPV), Differential Double Pulse Voltammetry (DDPV), and a variant of this called Additive Differential Double Pulse Voltammetry (ADDPV). A brief introduction to two triple pulse techniques (Reverse Differential Pulse Voltammetry, RDPV, and Double Differential Triple Pulse Voltammetry, DDTPV) is also given in Sect. 4.6. 

Scheme 4.2 Reverse Pulse Voltammetry, (a) Potentialtime program (b) RPV response. /Rpv.rcd and /ri V.ox are the limiting currents corresponding to...

As stated in Sect. 4.1, in RPV a series of double potential pulses are applied where the product is generated always in the first one under diffusion-controlled conditions whereas the second potential pulse is set at different values (F2) and the current is recorded at the end of this second pulse (l2, measured at I2 = -zg) (see Scheme 4.2). 

Thus, apart from information about the mass transport and reactivity of the product (analogously to DPC), the thermodynamics and kinetics of the electron transfer can be studied from the position and shape of the RPV curve /2 versus E2. 

From Eq. (4.67), it is possible to obtain an expression for the cross potential (null current potential) of the RPV curve valid for any electrode geometry... 

In the case of disc electrodes, the anodic normalized limiting current depends on the disc radius through the function/d, which is independent of the potential (see Table 2.3 of Sect. 2.6). Therefore, the inflection point of the 7, v — 2 curve of the RPV curve (mid-wave potential, mid,Rpv) coincides with the half wave potential, which can be obtained from Eq. (4.67) independently of the electrode geometry and is given by,... 

In Fig. 4.5 it can be seen the influence of t2 on the normalized RPV curves calculated from planar, spherical, and disc electrodes from Eqs. (4.67) and (4.36). From these curves, it can be observed that the decrease of t2 causes an increase of the anodic limiting current (with this increase being more noticeable in the case of planar electrodes), whereas it has no effect on the half-wave potential of the responses (marked as a vertical dotted line). 

When the diffusion coefficients of both electroactive species are assumed as different, a general solution for the RPV response at any electrode geometry has not been found. In the case of spherical electrodes, the response is rather complex and it can be found in reference [33] (see also Eq. (F.42) in Appendix F). From this solution, the particular cases of planar and spherical ultramicroelectrodes can be directly obtained,... 

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