Roth spots

Roth spots are rarely occurring (in less than 5% of IE cases), oval-shaped retinal hemorrhages with a pale center near the optic disc (Fig. 71-3D). 

Roth spot Possible sign of endocarditis where there is localized capillary retinal bleeding. 

Roth spots Endocarditis Acute intrinsic renal failure—acute glomerulonephritis... 

Roth spots. Retinal infarct with central pallor and surrounding hemorrhage. 

Presence of rheumatoid factor, glomerulonephritis. Osier s nodes, or Roth spots Positive blood cultures that do not meet the major criteria Serologic evidence of active infection single isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci, and organisms that very rarely cause IE are excluded from this category... 

Eyes Erythematous, painful globe with dilated unreactive pupil (rubeosis iiidis) Papilledema Roth spot Cholesterol embolus Hypertensive or diabetic retinopathy Subhyaloid hemorrhage Ischemic eye due to combined ICA and ECA disease Increased intracranial pressure from intracranial mass, venous sinus thrombosis, hydrocephalus, chronic meningitis Bacterial endocarditis Cholesterol embolus from aorta or carotid Hypertension and/or diabetes Subarachnoid hemorrhage... 

Immunologic phenomena glomerulonephritis, Osier s nodes, Roth s spots, and rheumatoid factor... 

Roth s spot—A hemorrhage in the retina with a white center. Roth s spots are often associated with bacterial endocarditis. 

So far in this chapter, the problems have been studied assuming that the catalyst layers on both sides of the cell are not destroyed and, therefore, nonuniformity is caused by in-plane gradient of the fuel concentration in the anode. What happens if a spot in the anode catalyst is dead for the fuel oxidation reaction This may happen if the anode catalyst is locally poisoned by CO molecules, or if it suffers from agglomeration of Pt particles. Similar situations arise when, in one of the electrodes, the catalyst is deliberately removed in a small spot to provide a non-Pt window for the transmission x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of another electrode (Roth et al., 2005). 

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