Rotating disk electrode experimental application

The rqjroducibility of polymer film formation is greatly improved by the spin coating technique where the polymer solution is applied by a microsyringe onto the center of a rapidly rotated disk electrode Rather thick films can be produced by repeated application of small volumes of stock solution. A thorough discussion and detailed experimental description of a reliable spin coating procedure was given recently... 

The above problems may be alleviated by the use of a rotating hemispherical electrode (RHSE). In this geometry, the flat circular disk on the RDE is replaced with a metal hemisphere as shown in Fig. 1(a). The theory, experimental setup and methods of application to electrochemical studies are similar to those of the RDE. The advantages of the RHSE are ... 

In 1958, Frumkin put forward the idea of a new experimental method—the method of the rotating ring-disk electrode, which allowed the direct observation of intermediates of electrode processes. The apparatus was buUt by L. N. Nekrasov, and the theory was elaborated by V. G. Levich and Yu. B. Ivanov [30]. Since then, the method of the rotating ring-disk electrode has become one of the standard techniques of electrochemical science. For example, it has played an important role in the study of oxygen electroreduction, with applications in fuel cells (Photos 4.15 and 4.16). 

---