Robust challenges

Methods developed for dissolution testing will have alternative robustness challenges, such as the pH, concentration and deaeration conditions of the dissolution medium, sinker type, and agitation speed. 

The challenges for visualization are at least twofold. Easter graphics hardware will be required to display and manipulate more complex data displays. More importantly, the human effort required to develop visualization systems must be reduced. It is the realm of the expert programmer to implement a usable visualization system. General purpose tools that allow the nonexpert to import data in different formats into robust visualization systems are just beginning to appear. 

Catalysts are extensively used and have played a huge role in making bulk chemical manufacturing technology more competitive and environmentally fnendly. Undoubtedly catalysis will continue to provide the answer to many economic and environmental challenges currently faced by industry. As indicated above catalysts are now needed by the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries, and they need to be robust, selective, recoverable and reusable. 

Whilst the basic process for generation and conversion of syngas is well established, production from biomass poses several challenges. These centre on the co-production of tars and hydrocarbons during the biomass gasification process, which is typically carried out at 800 °C. Recent advances in the production of more robust catalysts and catalytic membrane reactors should overcome many of these challenges. 

As seen in the retro-synthetic Scheme 5.3, intermediate 15 is useful for both routes. The choice of benzyl protection group was made based on the robust stability of benzyl phenol ethers toward most reactions and several possible avenues to remove it, although it was reported from Medicinal Chemistry that benzyl group removal via hydrogenolysis posed challenges in this compound. The choice of iodide substitution was born out of the known high reactivity of iodides in the Ullmann-type coupling reaction with alcohols and the robust stability of aryl iodides in many other common reactions. 

In order to control the air supply of what is known as an atmospheric appliance, the main challenge lies in finding a low-cost and robust actuator to achieve an optimal air ratio. Numerous methods are mentioned in the relevant literature and in patent specifications. Unfortunately, most of these concepts are far too costly and elaborate to be used in serial production. Despite these difficulties there have been some promising approaches. 

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