Copolymerization ring-opening

Pig. 14. Preparation of biodegradable PS by incorporating ester linkages into the backbone via ring-opening copolymerization of styrene with a cycHc ketene... 

Other ring-opening copolymerizations (of, for example, the cyclic allyl sulfide 19), also yield polymers with in-chain ester groups and copolymcrizc more readily (Section 4A2.2). 

Another interesting field is the utilization of unused resources such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, etc. Development of useful copolymers is expected to come by applying the modern techniques of polymer chemistry. Ring-opening copolymerization should be one of the most likely methods for this purpose. 

Liu X-Q, Li Z-C, Du F-S, Li FM (1999) Ring-opening copolymerization of a-chloromethyl-a-methyl-P-propionolactone with E-caprolactone. Macromol Rapid Commun 20 470 74... 

Ajellal N, Thomas CM, Carpentier J-F (2009) Functional syndiotacticpoly(P-hydroxyalkanoate)s via stereoselective ring-opening copolymerization of rac-P-butyrolactone and rac-allyl-P-butyrolactone. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 47 3177-3189... 

Stassin F, Halleux O, Dubois P, Detrembleur C, Lecomte P, Jerome R (2000) Ring-opening copolymerization of e-caprolactone, y-(triethylsilyloxy)- e-caprolactone and y-ethylene ketal-e-caprolactone a route to heterograft copolyesters. Macromol Symp 153 27-39... 

Polyoxymethylene, also referred to as acetal resin or POM, is obtained either by anionic polymerization of formaldehyde or cationic ring-opening copolymerization of trioxane with a small amount of a cyclic ether or acetal (e.g., ethylene oxide or 1,3-dioxolane) [Cherdron et al., 1988 Dolce and Grates, 1985 Yamasaki et al., 2001]. The properties and uses of POM have been discussed in Sec. 5-6d. 

Cationic Copolymerization of 1,3>5-Trioxane with 1,3-Dioxolane (Ring-Opening Copolymerization)... 

There is far less information in the scientific literature about template copolymerization than about template homopolymerization. As in the case of template homopolymerization, template copolymerization can be realized according to different types of reaction stepwise (template polycondensation), copolyaddition, radical or ionic polymerization, ring-opening copolymerization, etc. 

Copolymerization can be conducted stepwise (template copolycondensation), copolyaddition, radical or ionic copolymerization, ring-opening copolymerization, etc. 

Ring-opening copolymerization was simultaneously investigated with homopolymerization of N-carboxy-a-amino acid anhydrides, NCAs, by Bamford at al Polymerization of a mixture of NCAs of y-ethyl-L-glutamate and sarcosine ... 

Ring-opening copolymerization (ROP) of (R)-/3-butyrolactone with (R)-3-methyl-4-oxa-6-hexanolide in the presence of tin(iv) chloride affords a new biodegradable copolymer (Equation 1) <1995MM406>. 

T. Yoshida, Y. Katayama, S. Inoue, and T. Uryu, Synthesis of branched ribofuranans and their sulfates with strong anti-AIDS virus activity by selective ring-opening copolymerization of l,4-anhydro-o -D-ribopyranose derivatives, Macromolecules, 25 (1992) 4051 1057. 

T. Yoshida, L. X. Song, C. P. Wu, K. Hatanaka, and T. Uryu, Selective synthesis of cellulose-type copolymers by ring-opening copolymerization of 1,4-anhydro-a-D-ribo-pyranose derivatives, Chem. Lett., (1991) 477-480. 

Y. S. Choi, B. W. Kang, R. Lu, M. Osawa, K. Hattori, T. Yoshida, T. Mimura, Y. Kaneko, H. Nakashima, N. Yamamoto, and T. Uryu, Synthesis of sulfated deoxy-ribofuranans having selective anti-AIDS virus activity by ring-opening copolymerization of 1,4-anhydro ribose derivatives, Polym. J. (Tokyo), 29 (1997) 374-379. 

T. Uryu, K. Hatanaka, K. Matsuzaki, and H. Kuzuhara, Synthesis of stereoregular polysaccharides having amino-groups by ring-opening copolymerization of 1,6-anhydro-azido-sugar derivatives, J. Polym. Sci., Part A Polym. Chem., 21 (1983) 2203-2214. 

The anionic ring-opening copolymerization of hexamethyl-cyclotrisiloxane (Dj) with 2,4,6-trivinyl-2,4,6-trimethyl-cyclotrisiloxane (Vj) was performed under dry Nj atmosphere in a glass ampoule equipped with a teflon stopcock. All other reactions, except the preparation of Pt(0)-[poly(vinylmethyl-co-dimethyl)siloxane]-carbosilane complexes, were performed using standard Schlenk s or syringe techniques under an atmosphere of argon. 

In many systems, however, the analysis of the cationic copolymerization of heterocyclic monomers is complicated by two factors (1) at least some of the homo- and cross-propagation reactions may be reversible (2) redistribution of the sequences of comonomers within the chain may occur as a result of chain transfer to polymer. Therefore, the conventional treatment involving four irreversible propagation steps is rarely applicable in cationic ring-opening copolymerization. Instead, the diad model should involve four reversible reactions, i.e., eight rate constants... 

Ring-Opening Copolymerization of Methylenecydopropanes with CO by Pd Complexes... 

PdCl(Me)(bpy)/NaBARF initiates ring-opening copolymerization of 2-phenyl-1-methylenecyclopropane with CO (1 atm) at room temperature to produce a polyketone soluble in common organic solvent (Eq. 55) [181, 182]. 

Huang, Q. Shen, Z. Zhang, Y. Shen, Y. Shen, L. Yuan, H. Ring-opening copolymerization of trimethylene carbonate and D,L-lactide by rare earth chloride. Polym. J. 1998, 30 (3), 168-170. 

Matsumura, S. Tsukada, K. Toshima, K. Novel lipase-catalyzed ring-opening copolymerization of lactide and trimethylene carbonate forming poly(ester carbonate)s. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 1999, 25 (1-3), 161-167. 

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