Richards’ calorimeter

Adiabatic, with cancellation of the temperature difference between the sample and the surrounding thermostat by appropriate temperature control of the thermostat. Swietoslawki mentions, among others, Richards calorimeter (1905) and his own calorimeters where the temperature control of the thermostat was achieved either electrically (1914) or by addition of cold or warm water (1919). 

Further developments in calorimetry include the invention of the twin- calorimeter" by Joule (1845) and its modification by Pfaundler (1869XRef 25,p 543) "phase- change calorimer (isothermal) of Bunsen(Ref 15,p 796 Ref 25,p 547) "labirinth flow calorimeter (Ref 25,p 549) "adiabatic calorimeter (nonisothermal), first used by Richards in 1905 (Ref 15,p 797) and modified by Yost, Osborne others (Ref 25,p 550)(See also Ref 3,p ll6)(Parr adiabatic calorimeter is described in Refs 16 29) "constant- temperature- enviroment calorimeter", first used by Nemst in 1907, was modified by Giauque in 1923(Ref 15>p 797)... 

In recent years, a new fire-test instrument was developed the pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) or microcalorimeter.209 210 This instrument (Figure 21.17) was developed by Richard Lyon and his coworkers at the FAA laboratories. It enables the determination of parameters such as specific heat release rate (W/g), heat of combustion (J/g), and ignition temperature (°K), to be quickly determined from very small (1-50 mg) test specimens. The technique has been standardized by ASTM as ASTM D 7309. Data from the PCFC has been shown to be capable of being correlated... 

Any of the calorimeters described in Chapter II. is in principle capable of being used for the determination of heats of reaction. In any actual case it will, of course, be necessary to adapt the apparatus to the purpose which it is intended to serve. Jul. Thomsen, Berthelot, Favre and Silbermann, Stoh-mann, de Forcrand, Luginin, and of late years Th. W. Richards, AVrede, and W. A. Roth have been the chief workers in the development of thermo-chemistry. The more important of the apparatus devised and used by them are described in detail in many text-books. 

We may, for example, surround the calorimeter with a bath of dilute acid and run in alkali from a burette. The rate at which the alkali is added can be regulated so that the heat of neutralisation produces at every instant the same rise in temperature in the bath as is produced by the reaction in the interior of the calorimeter. Richards and his colleagues have made some exceedingly accurate calorimetrical determinations in this way.f... 

Figure 6. The first active adiabatic calorimeters Person s, 1849 (left, figure from [21]) and Richards , 1905 (right, figure fi om [22]).

Adiabatic calorimeters the thermal conductance between the calorimetric vessel and the surrounding thermostat equals 0. These calorimeters integrate all heat effects. The heat measurement is based on the measurement of the sample temperature. The most perfect adiabatic calorimeters are those for which the temperature of the thermostat is brought to follow that of the internal vessel, like those proposed by Person (1849) and Richards (1905). In this group of adiabatic calorimeters, the authors also mention the Dewar vessel calorimeter (which they call quasi-adiabatic ) and the Berthelot calorimeter. 

Daoa, D.Q.,Luche, J., Richard, F., Rogaume, T., Bourhy-Weber, C., Ruban, S. Determination of characteristic parameters for the thermal decomposition of epoxy lesin/caibon fibre composites in cone calorimeter. InL J. Hydrogen Energy 38, 8167-8178 (2013)... 

Richards, Theodore William (1868-1928) American chemist who determined with great accuracy the atomic weights of 25 elements. This led to the discovery of natural isotopes of elements, each of which has a slightly different weight because of the different number of neutrons. In 1905, he introduced the adiabatic calorimeter, an instrument that measured the heat rise from combustion without error from loss or gain of heat. He received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1914. 

CLAUDEL By means of an Eyraud-Richard micro calorimeter which allowed the simultaneous measurement of the heat evolved and of the volume adsorbed (i.e. the fraction of surface covered]. 

Richard MN, Dahn JR (1999) Predicting electrical and thermal abuse behaviours of practical lithium-ion cells from accelerating rate calorimeter studies on small samples in electrolyte. J Power Sources 79 135-142... 

Richard MN, Dahn JR (1999) Accelerating rate calorimetry study on the thermal stability of lithium intercalated graphite in electrolyte. Modeling the results and predicting differential scanning calorimeter curves. J Electrochem Soc 146(6) 2078-2084... 

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