Rhinoceros

Ghebremeskel, K., G. Williams, R.A. Brett, R. Burek, and L.S. Harbige. 1991. Nutrient composition of plants most favoured by black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in the wild. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 98A 529-534. 

Two related scarab species produce ethyl 4-methyloctanoate 78 (Scheme 8) as an aggregation pheromone the African rhinoceros beetle Oryctes monoceros [170] and the coconut rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros [171, 172]. The latter is readily attracted to the racemate. Its secretion was found to contain the free acid as well as ethyl 4-methylheptanoate [ 171 ]. Similarly to other cases, the attractiveness of ethyl 4-methyloctanoate is enhanced by host compounds, i.e. coconut wood [173]. The date palm fruit stalk borer, Oryctes elegans, uses 4-methyloctanoic acid as a male produced pheromone [174]. Structurally... 

Since this structure was first proposed, Braunitzer and co-workers have determined the amino acid sequence of rhinoceros hemoglobin (23a). Its allosteric effector site shows only a single substitution compared to that of human hemoglobin—His NA2/8 — Glu—yet ATP lowers its oxygen affinity more than DPG, and GTP lowers it more than ATP, just as in teleost fish (R. Baumann, unpublished observations). This observation supports the hydrogen bond between N-6 of the adenine and Glu NA2 proposed in Fig. 6 in fact it can hardly be explained without that bond. 

Xi Jiao Di Huang Tang (Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Decoction) ... 

Xi Jiao, Sheng Di Huang, Mu Dan Pi and Chi Shao Yao, the ingredients of Xi Jiao Di Huang Tang (Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Decoction), are used to cool the blood and remove heat-toxin from the blood. Together they are considered to be the chief part of the formula. 

What is most remarkable is that cells can produce proteins with strikingly different properties and activities by joining the same 20 amino acids in many different combinations and sequences. From these building blocks different organisms can make such widely diverse products as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, transporters, muscle fibers, the lens protein of the eye, feathers, spider webs, rhinoceros horn, milk proteins, antibiotics, mushroom poisons, and myriad other substances having distinct biological activities (Fig. 3-1). Among these protein products, the enzymes are the most varied and specialized. Virtually all cellular reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. 

The strength of fibrous proteins is enhanced by covalent cross-links between polypeptide chains within the multihelical ropes and between adjacent chains in a supramolecular assembly. In a-keratins, the cross-links stabilizing quaternary structure are disulfide bonds (Box 4-2). In the hardest and toughest a-keratins, such as those of rhinoceros horn, up to 18% of the residues are cysteines involved in disulfide bonds. 

Other large animals, such as the elephant and rhinoceros, have similar metabolic characteristics, as do diving mammals such as whales and seals. Dinosaurs and other huge, now-extinct animals probably had to depend on lactic acid fermentation to supply energy for muscular activity, followed by very long recovery periods during which they were vulnerable to attack by smaller predators better able to use oxygen and thus better adapted to continuous, sustained muscular activity. 

Perissodactyla Horse, zebra, tapir, rhinoceros 6 16 < 1% Worldwide... 

Rhinoceros horns are composed of densely compressed hair-like fibers over a stubby bone core that is part of the skull. They are composed of a dense growth of epidermal cells and dermal papillae, which are similar to thick hair. These are not really true hairs, since they do not grow from a follicle in the skin. Unlike the sheath-like horns of cattle and buffalo, rhino horns are mosdy solid. 

While rhinoceros horn has been used in powdered form as an aphrodisiac, most of the horns harvested are used for either ornamental or medicinal purposes. Rhino horn is a popular carving material, particularly for handles on daggers and other weapons. In Asia, powdered rhino horn is a remedy against fever. 

Males of the scarab beede Amphimatton solstitialis are attracted to the pheromone (/ )-3-hydro.xy-2-butanone (A62), released by both males and females.368 Although the ( -enantiomer and 2,3-butanediol (A4) are also produced, they were not active in the field. 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone of unknown enantiomeric composition is the major sex pheromone component of male cockroach Leucophaea mademe2m The rhinoceros beetle Scapanes australis uses a 84 12 4 mixture of 2-butanol (A61) (R/S 67 33), 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (A62), and 2,3-butanediol (A4, RJl/S,S/meso 43 17 40), whereas the pheromone of another rhinoceros beetle Strategus aloeus is a 95.5 4.0 0.5 mixture of2-butanone (A63), 3-pentanone (A66), and 1-methylpropyl acetate (A64). As mixtures of all components of the natural secretion were used in this study, it is not clear whether all compounds really possess pheromonal activity.369... 

The overall impression of this simple fauna, the presence of the large rhinoceros [Dicerorhinus (megarhinus) jeamireti in place of D. etruscus] and the appearance of the tapir prove that, by analogy with the Carpathian Basin, the freshwater limestone at Siittd is older than the one at Dunaalmas (Lower Pleistocene, Lower Villanyian, Beremend or older substage). 

Capreolus cf. suessenbornensis Kahlke aff. "Rhinoceros etruscus Falconer A sinus sp. 

Leo spelaeus wurmi Freudenberg—180 Leo gombaszogensis Kretzoi—23 Ormenalurus latidens Owen—23 Equus mosbachensis Reichenau—27 Rhinoceros" etruscus Reichenau (Falconer)—1 Cervus acoronatus Beninde—67 Capreolus suessenbornensis Kahlke—3 Bison priscus ssp.—80... 

A careful comparison of the faunas of localities nos. 1 and 2 of Vertesszdlds shows that the two are of similar geological age, and the facies differences (the commonness of the rhinoceros and other ungulates at locality no. 1 and the frequency of large carnivores at locality no. 2, etc.) can be attributed to the effect of Man (who hunted ungulates). Locality no. 1 is represented by several horizons, whereas no. 2 is in fact a manifestation of the loess layer of the previous series. In agreement with the... 

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