Reverse structure

Then, for any reversible structural change at constant uniform temperature and pressure... 

The typical viscous behavior for many non-Newtonian fluids (e.g., polymeric fluids, flocculated suspensions, colloids, foams, gels) is illustrated by the curves labeled structural in Figs. 3-5 and 3-6. These fluids exhibit Newtonian behavior at very low and very high shear rates, with shear thinning or pseudoplastic behavior at intermediate shear rates. In some materials this can be attributed to a reversible structure or network that forms in the rest or equilibrium state. When the material is sheared, the structure breaks down, resulting in a shear-dependent (shear thinning) behavior. Some real examples of this type of behavior are shown in Fig. 3-7. These show that structural viscosity behavior is exhibited by fluids as diverse as polymer solutions, blood, latex emulsions, and mud (sediment). Equations (i.e., models) that represent this type of behavior are described below. 

Reversible Structural Change Responding to Temperature Change... 

The kidney brush border also possesses a carnosine transport system and there is evidence that kidney also contains an active carnosinase (Sauerhoefer et al., 2005). There is also evidence that carnosine can influence sympathetic nervous activity in kidney (Tanida et al., 2005) as well as brown (Tanida et al., 2007) and white adipose tissue (Shen et al., 2008). Other studies have shown that carnosine has antidepressant activity in rats (Tomonaga et al., 2008). In chicks, carnosine induces hyperactivity (Tsuneyoshi et al., 2007) whereas its reverse structure (L-histidinyl-13-alanine) has sedative and hypnotic effects (Tsuneyoshi et al., 2008). The mechanisms involved in remain obscure however. 

Reverse structure of camosine-induced sedative and hypnotic effects in chick under stress. Life Sci. 82,1065-1069. 

The hydrogen bond is extensively used in nature, particularly in the constmction of proteins (Aggeli et al. 1997), DNA (Voet and Voet 1995), and RNA. In all cases, it performs the role of establishing a reversible structure that allows such processes as... 

A 12 hour rest period is then suggested to allow reversible structure to reform before testing with at least 6 cycles being applied at each test condition before measurements are taken to allow reversible structure to reach near equilibrium. Testing should begin with the least severe conditions... 

Anthocyanin pigments undergo reversible structural transformations with a change in pH manifested by strikingly different absorbance spectra (Fig. FI.2.1). The colored oxonium form predominates at pH 1.0 and the colorless hemiketal form at pH 4.5 (Fig. FI.2.2). The pH-differential method is based on this reaction, and permits accurate and rapid measurement of the total anthocyanins, even in the presence of polymerized degraded pigments and other interfering compounds. 

Electroswitching of structure takes place when a redox change induces a reversible structural or conformational process in a molecule, such as an electrochemically activated intramolecular rearrangement [8.259]. On the supramolecular level it consists of the electroinduced interconversion between two states of different superstructure. A case in point is the reversible interconversion of a double-helical dinuclear Cu(l) complex M2L22+ [8.260] and of a mononuclear Cu(ll) complex ML2+ in a sequential electrochemical-chemical process [8.261] ... 

F Region with homogeneous mesophase with two-dimensional hexagonal structure water rods reversed structure. 

As a totally different post-synthesis method that is firmly based on the structural charaderistics of MWW, reversible strudural conversion between 3D MWW silicate and its corresponding 2D lamellar precursor MWW (P) has been developed to construd more active Ti species within the framework [24, 70], Figure 4.7 illustrates the strategy of this post-synthesis method of reversible strudural conversion. First, highly siliceous MWW is prepared from hydrothermally synthesized MWW boro-silicate by the combination of caldnation and acid treatment. Second, the MWW silicalite is treated with an aqueous solution of HM or PI and a Ti source. A reversible structure conversion from MWW into the corresponding lamellar precursor occurs as a result of Si-O-Si bond hydrolysis catalyzed by OH, which is supplied by basic amine molecules. This is accompanied by the intercalation of the amine molecules. 

Figure 4.7 Reversible structural conversion from MWW into MWW(P) lamellar precursor as the method of post-synthesizing Ti-MWW.

Thus observation of ferroelectric domain reversal induced by indirect electron beam irradiation in LiNb03 bulk crystals represents a pronounced fdb effect. The reversed structure represents domain clusters consisting of multiple string-like domains with nanometer radius and 350 pm lengths. Fabricated one- and two-dimensional domain configurations could be used for a broad range of new 2-D as well as potential 3-D nonlinear photonic devices. 

Figure 7.11 The reversible structural transformation associated with EtOH adsorption/desorption in the PCP, [Fe2(NCS)2(azpy)4] EtOH .178 (Reprinted with permission from G. J. Haider et al., Science 2002, 298, 1762-1765. Copyright AAAS.)...

There is presently no complete explanation of how the device works. There is evidently a reversible structural change in the filament, which may have as its origin either the high field, high current flow, or local heating. Crystallization of the filament has been ruled out for several reasons - for example this would not give a reversible effect. 

In the usual dual-layer arrangement, the generation layer is adjacent to the substrate with the transport layer uppermost. While this arrangement can be reversed, structures of this kind have not been widely used. In the conventional... 

Figure 5.2 The two types of hexagonal lipid-water phases. Hi and Hn- Hi consists of lipid rods in water arranged on a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice, whereas Hn has the reversed structure. The Hn phase can also be regarded as intersecting lipid bilayers (infinite in one direction) as illustrated by the corresponding Hn asymmetric unit (circled), shown enlarged to the right.

---