Vascular proliferation retinal

The use of intravitreal corticosteroids was first popularized by Machemer in 1979 (33) in an effort to halt cellular proliferation after retinal detachment surgery, and Graham (34), McCuen (35), Tano (36), and others have studied its use in both animal models and humans. In contrast to other corticosteroids with short half-lives following intravitreal injection, triamcinolone acetonide is an effective and well-tolerated (35,37) agent for intravitreal injection in conditions such as uveitis (38,39), macular edema secondary to ocular trauma or retinal vascular disease (40), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (41), intraocular proliferation such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy (42), and choroidal neovascularization from AMD (43,44). 

PPARy is expressed in bovine retinal endothelial cells [49]. In vitro studies found thiazoUdinediones inhibited the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor on migration and proliferation of retinal endothelial cells. In vivo, intravitreous injection of both agents inhibited development of retinal neovascularization. These results indicate that thiazolidinediones may be effective in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy pending further research in humans [49]. 

Suzuma K, Takahara N, Suzuma I, et al. Characterization of protein kinase C beta isoform s action on retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation, vascular endothehal growth factor-induced endothelial cell proliferation, and retinal neovascularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002 99 721-726. 

VFGF is a growth factor that increases the permeability of retinal vessels and stimulates the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. VEGF is synthesized as... 

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