Responsive surfaces term definition

Method development and optimization are started with review of the currently available methods within the company or in literature. Available methods are used as a starting point and evaluated against the method requirements set in the method definition. If necessary the method is optimized or redeveloped in order to fulfill the requirements. DOE tools (response surface design) are preferentially applied to obtain the best optimal conditions in terms of robustness. Application of DOE methodology is not new in chromatography and DOE is frequently applied also for enantiomeric separations in Especially in... 

Let us now imagine that the response surface, that is, the relation between the response and the factors in the experimental range we are investigating, is sufficiently smooth, so that small variations in the factors do not cause abrupt variations in the response. If this is so, we can expect the model coefficients to obey a certain hierarchy, where the lower-order terms are in principle more important than the higher-order ones. Returning to oiu- example, we expect the main effects to be more important to the model than, say, the four-factor interaction. In general, we can expect that an interaction term will become less important as the number of factors involved in its definition increases. Otherwise, we would not be able to obtain a satisfactory model for oiu response smface with a finite number of terms. 

The term complex systems means different things to different people. An operational definition is used here complex systems have, nonlinear relationships, large experimental domains, and multiple interactions between many components. For complex systems, the underlying model is generally unknown, and there is no analytical formula for the response surface. It may be that solutions come in the form of patterns rather than numerical values. Most importantly, the whole is not the sum of the parts. 

De Man (1983) has reviewed this property of fats. Consistency is defined as (1) an ill-defined and subjectively assessable characteristic of a material that depends on the complex stress-flow relation or as (2) the property by which a material resists change of shape. Spreadabil-ity, a term used in relation to consistency, is the force required to spread the fat with a knife. The definition is similar to that for hardness the resistance of the surface of a body to deformation. The most widely used simple compression test in North America is the cone penetrometer method (AOCS Method Cc 16-60, 1960). More sophisticated rheological procedures are also available. Efforts have been made to calibrate instrumental tests with sensory response. With the cone penetrometer method, penetration depth is used as a measure of firmness. Hayakawa and De Man (1982) studied the hardness of fractions obtained by crystallization of milk fat. Hardness values obtained with a constant speed penetrometer reflected trends in their TG composition and solid fat content. 

The potential energy surface used in solution, G (R), is related to an effective Hamiltonian containing a solute-solvent interaction term, Vint- In the implementation of the EH-CSD model, that will be examined in Section 6, use is made of the equilibrium solute-solvent potential. There are good reasons to do so however, when the attention is shifted to a dynamical problem, we have to be careful in the definition of Vint - This operator may be formally related to a response function TZ which depends on time. For simplicity s sake, we may replace here TZ with the polarization vector P, which actually is the most important component of TZ (another important contribution is related to Gdis) For the calculation of Gei (see eq.7), we resort to a static value, while for dynamic calculations we have to use a P(t) function quantum electrodynamics offers the theoretical framework for the calculation of P as well as of TZ. The strict quantum electrodynamical approach is not practical, hence one usually resorts to simple naive models. 

It can be seen from the above discussion that the use of nanoionic materials for gas sensors is a natural extension to the findings already reported. Nanosized materials offer advantages in terms of improved sensor response due to the much higher surface areas available. However, the definition of a nano ionic sensor material can be very broad the nanoionic component of the sensor material might refer to the bulk majority phase, but alternatively it could refer to a dispersed catalytic or dopant phase, or even a combination of both. 

The notion of property deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen subjected to forces experiences deformation, or a polished metal surface reflects light. A property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size. 

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