Resonance theory, reviews

Abstract The self-organized and molecularly smooth surface on liquid microdroplets makes them attractive as optical cavities with very high quality factors. This chapter describes the basic theory of optical modes in spherical droplets. The mechanical properties including vibrational excitation are also described, and their implications for microdroplet resonator technology are discussed. Optofluidic implementations of microdroplet resonators are reviewed with emphasis on the basic optomechanical properties. 

Weller s review (1961) is not confined to acid-base reactions but deals with the kinetics of excited state reactions in general. Vander Donckt (1970) covers developments of the acid-base section of the Weller field but pays more attention to physical organic aspects, such as applications of resonance theory to the interpretation of pA-shifts upon excitation and the application of linear free energy relationships. The reviews by Schulman and Winefordner (1970) and by Winefordner et al. (1971a) are directed towards possible analytical applications. 

The perturbational MO method of Longuet-Higgins (11) and Dewar (12), which was thoroughly reviewed by Dewar and Dougherty (6), has been the pencil-and-paper method of choice in numerous applications. More recently, a modified free-electron (MFE) MO approach (13-15) and a valence-bond structure-resonance theory (VBSRT) (7, 16, 17) have been applied to several PAH structure and reactivity problems. A new perturbational variant of the free-electron MO method (PMO F) has also been derived and reported (8, 18). Both PMO F and VBSRT qualify as simple pencil-and-paper procedures. When applied to a compilation of electrophilic substitution parameters (ct+) (19-23), the correlation coefficients of calculated reactivity indexes with cr+ for alternant hydrocarbons are 0.973 and 0.959, respectively (8). In this case, the performance of the PMO F method rivals that of the best available SCF calculations for systems of this size, and that of VBSRT is sufficient for most purposes. 

An explanation of the stability of the allyl radical can be approached in two ways in terms of molecular orbital theory and in terms of resonance theory (Section 1.8). As we shall see soon, both approaches give us equivalent descriptions of the allyl radical. The molecular orbital approach is easier to visualize, so we shall begin with it. (As preparation for this section, it may help the reader to review the molecular orbital theory given in Sections 1.11 and 1.13.)... 

To provide you with a solid basis for deciding whether or not a given ANN is appropriate for your intended use, we describe briefly in this section many of the types of ANNs that have appeared in the literature in the past few years. For each network we focus on strengths and weaknesses, some practical aspects of operation, and a literature review of the chemical applications. We do not delve into detailed mathematical descriptions of networks, since these can be found in any number of texts. In particular we call attention to Ref. 19, which offers step-by-step developments of equations and detailed numerical examples for backpropagation, biassociative memory, counterpropagation, Hopfield, and Kohonen self-organizing map networks. Adaptive resonance theory networks are reviewed in detail in Ref. 27. 

Sidgwick considered It his main duty to address first and foremost his fellow organic chemists and to educate them In the ways of the new resonance theory. He did so In his many review papers, annual reports, talks, and In presidential addresses. His unique ability to simplify many complex mathematical arguments for those chemists least receptive to mathematics as was the case with organic chemists, and his status... 

Herndon WC (1980) Stmcture-resonance theory—A review of applications to n-hydrocaibon systems. Israel J Chem 20 270-275... 

The behavior of insoluble monolayers at the hydrocarbon-water interface has been studied to some extent. In general, a values for straight-chain acids and alcohols are greater at a given film pressure than if spread at the water-air interface. This is perhaps to be expected since the nonpolar phase should tend to reduce the cohesion between the hydrocarbon tails. See Ref. 91 for early reviews. Takenaka [92] has reported polarized resonance Raman spectra for an azo dye monolayer at the CCl4-water interface some conclusions as to orientation were possible. A mean-held theory based on Lennard-Jones potentials has been used to model an amphiphile at an oil-water interface one conclusion was that the depth of the interfacial region can be relatively large [93]. 

The resonance Raman effect — review of the theory and of applications in inorganic chemistry. R. J. H. Clark and B. Stewart, Struct. Bonding (Berlin), 1979, 36, 1-80 (110). 

Clarke RJH, Stewart B (1979) The Resonance Raman Effect. Review of the Theory and of AppUcations in Inorganic Chemistty 36 1-80... 

Interactions of vicinal bonds have been extensively studied and are well known as hyperconjugation, resonance, and others [89-91], The a bonds vicinal to a reacting 71 bond have been proposed to participate in organic reactions and to control the selectivity [92, 93], Recently, we noticed the importance of the participation of the a bonds geminal to a reacting % bond (Scheme 35) [94] and have made extensive applications [95-102], Here, we present an orbital phase theory for the geminal bond participation and make a brief review. 

---