Resistivity, electrical conversion factors

The calibration factor transforming peak surface area to enthalpy is independent of the thermal resistance (1/R) and is simply an electrical conversion factor with no temperature dependence. 

The heat transfer was originally measured in units of calories, where one calorie was defined as the quantity of energy required to raise one gram of pure water from 14.5 to 15.5 °C at one atmosphere. This definition has been supplanted by the introduction of the joule, which represents the energy specified by the conversion factor 1 cal = 4.184 joules. One joule is also equivalent to the energy developed in a circuit by an electric current of one ampere flowing through a resistance of one ohm (driven by a potential difference of one volt) in one second. 

Conversion of glass to a polycrystalline ceramic is accompanied by increased strength (two to four times), increased fracture toughness (two to four times), increased electrical resistivity (10 times), increased deformation temperature (200-400°C), increased abrasion resistance, and increased thermal shock resistance. All these factors contribute to many applications for glass ceramics dinnerware, cooking utensils, stove tops, radomes, hermetic seals to metals, building materials, and so on. 

Equations 114-116 can be written down in terms of an electrical capacitance, Cl, an inductance, Ii, and a resistance, Ri, as well (Eig. 14c). In order to find the values for Ci, Ii, and Ri, one needs the conversion factor between electrical and mechanical impedances. We have ... 

The following appendices provide references to standards, fire resistance nomenclature, electrical ratings, hydraulic data, and conversion factors commonly referred to while examining and designing fire and explosion protection systems for the process industry. 

Dielectrics and insulators can be defined as materials with high electrical resistivities. Dielectrics fulfil circuit functions for which their permittivities e and dissipation factors tan S are also of primary importance. Insulators are used principally to hold conductive elements in position and to prevent them from coming in contact with one another. A good dielectric is, of course, necessarily a good insulator, but the converse is by no means true. 

Discovery of amorphous silicon and its dopability has already had a tremendous impact on industrial applications of amorphous materials. Amorphous Si is now used fairly extensively as a photovoltaic material. In photovoltaic applications, solar photons excite the electrons across the gap and the resulting electron-hole pairs, are driven towards the respective electrodes in order to prevent their recombination. Electron is driven through an external resistance to generate the electrical power. The efficiency of conversion of solar energy to electrical power is characterized by an efficiency factor, r, which is given by. 

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