Reproductive system menstrual disturbances

The purpose of this chapter is to review the methods that are currently in use to evaluate sexual function and fertility. Sexual function and fertility are complex reproductive functions that can be affected by environmental exposures. Reproductive disorders include spontaneous abortions, impaired spermatogenesis, menstrual disorders, impotence, early menopause and others. Any disturbance in the integrity of the reproductive system can affect these functions. 

Studies of reproductive and teratogenic effects of OPPs on humans are few. Gordon et al. (1981) found stronger correlations of cleft lip and palate malformations for insecticides and/or herbicides than for all other agrichemicals combined. The post mortem examination of women s ovaries following acute intoxication revealed adverse ovarian effects from parathion and both infertility and menstrual disturbances were observed in female applicators of OPPs. Also, women from fruit growing areas exposed to OPPs experienced earlier menopause, infertility and other functional irregularities—e.g., in the liver and nervous system and in bile production. 

A review of some reports from the USSR and other Eastern Bloc countries indicates that, although these studies may be deficient in design and reporting of data, there is enough evidence to warrant concern about the effects of carbon disulfide on the female reproductive system. Reported adverse effects included menstrual disturbances, endocrine alterations, and increased incidence of miscarriage (Zielhuis et al. 

Reproductive system caitxm disulfide, benzene, glycol ethers, nitrobenzene disturbance of menstrual cycle reduced sperm counts, embryotoxic effects... 

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