Renewable biofuels

Table 3.2 Classification of renewable biofuels based on their production technologies...

Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a native crop of China and one of the oldest oilseed crops in the world. Soybeans are an important source of dietary protein and oil for humans and animals and can aid in reducing chronic diseases. They are also used for soyfoods, and the oil has use as a renewable biofuel. Whether soybeans are crushed for soybean meal and crude oil or used directly for food, industrial chemicals, or fuel, the quality of soybeans will never be higher than that at harvest. From harvest onward, quality at best can only be maintained. In fact, major effort is made solely to slow the normal rate of deterioration so that soybeans can provide an ample year s supply with some carryover and sufficient seed for future propagation. 

BENEMANN j (2010) Mlcroalgae biofuels A brief introduction, available at www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/renewable/biofuels introduction.pdf (accessed September 2012). 

Defra and BABFO Guide to Renewable Biofuels for Transport. Available at http //adlib. 

State-of-the-art DMFCs have not been considered for use in vehicles, except small vehicles, because of the lower efficiency and power density. In addition, a carbon-free fuel would be preferable for use in FC-powered vehicles. Alternative fuels, oxidation catalysts, reaction medium, electrolyte membranes, and electrode preparation have been evaluated to obtain optimal DLFCs. L-Ascorbic acid (AA), widely known as vitamin C, has been proposed as a novel fuel that does not require the use of an anode catalyst metal. DLFCs that use ethanol and D-glucose as renewable biofuels have been studied and developed using an anion exchange membrane (AEM). Hydrazine fuel cells were reconsidered for use in transportation based on the application of recent PEMFC technology. A novel anode catalyst for NaBILj oxidation is also described. 

Animal fats (mainly lard, taUow, and chicken), insects, soapstocks, or microorganisms for oil production (eg, microbial oil from yeast, microalgae, molds, bacteria, and cyanobacteria) were compared as cheap sources of biomass for renewable biofuel production by the author and her coworkers in 2014 and can be consulted (Pinzi et al., 2014). Biodiesel production from microbial oil, food waste, or algae, among others, as well as challenging techniques for sustainable processing, is covered later in this book. 

---