Renal failure, acute classification

Waikar SS, Curhan GC, Wald R, McCarthy EP, ChertowGM. Declining mortality in patients with acute renal failure, 1988 to 2002 KnaussWA Apache II a severity of disease classification system, Crit Care Med 1985 13 818-829],... 

Mehta RL, Chertow GM. Acute renal failure definitions and classification time for change J Am Soc Nephrol 2003 14 2178-87. 

Category Classification of Acute Renal Failure Differential Diagnosis... 

Kellum JA, Levin N, Bouman C, Lameire N. Developing a consensus classification system for acute renal failure. Curr Opin Crit Care 2002 8 509-514. 

Table 2. Classification of various drugs based on pathophysiologic categories of acute renal failure.

Assessing sodium concentration is of clinical relevance as low urine sodium concentration may indicate dehydration, while a relatively high urine sodium concentration suggests acute renal failure. Lvova and coworkers (2009) proposed an E-tongue composed of chemical sensors to detect urinary system dysfunctions and creatinine levels. The electrochemical system was composed of miniaturized metallic sensors and ISEs with PVC solvent polymeric membranes. The device enabled the correct classification of urine samples from healthy volunteers, according to creatinine levels and to predict the creatinine content of urine. 

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