Rem, definition

Dose In the context of chemicals, the temi dose means the amount, quantity, or portion of the chemical exposed to or applied to the target (e.g., a human being). It may also refer to a consistent measure used in toxicological testing to determine acute and chronic toxicities. An alternate definition is die amount of ionizing radiation energy absorbed per unit mass of irradiated material at a specific location, such as a part of die human body, measured in REMS, or an inanimate body, measured in rads. 

REM INVERSION OF A POSITIVE DEFINITE SYMMETRIC MATRIXt REM 1 1 111 1 1 ... 

REM J FUNCTION VALUE, DERIVATIVES AND DEFINITE t 4484 REN t INTEGRAL OF A CUBIC SPLINE AT A GIVEN -POINT t 4484 REN lltltllllltmillltlllltllltltllllllltltlllllttltll 4488 REN INPUT ... 

One reason for Roche s success with Dalmane was that it did not share two undesirable features of the barbiturates, the then reigning class of sedatives REM suppression and suicidal potency. The barbiturates are CNS depressants that can induce unconsciousness, but because they have a very low margin of safety they can also shut down the respiratory control system of the brain stem. That is how they kill, and that is why they are still popular in Oregon and other places where individuals are free to elect a definitive end to unbearably unpleasant conscious awareness. Physician-assisted suicide is sometimes accomplished by turning off breathing, by pulling the plug internally as it were. 

A person receives the dose of 1 rem of radiation when exposed to 1 r of radiation in any time period. As illustrated in Figure 3.123, a person should not receive more than 250 rem over an entire lifetime. The rate at which this exposure is accumulated is also important. It is desirable to keep the yearly dose below 5 rem, and it should definitely not exceed 12 rem/year or 3 rem per quarter. 

Jouvet s most radical and definitive experiments supported this idea. When he isolated the brain stem below the level of the junction of the two areas of the brain known as the pons and the midbrain and, even when he removed all of the brain above this level, he could still observe the periodic suppression of muscle tone, and occasional eye and body movements, including the rhythmic stepping that would be used in real locomotion by a normal cat during waking. In other words, one of the key formal features of human dreaming, the sense of continuous motion, may arise at the very low level of parts of the brain stem that generate motor patterns. In any case, such generators are present in the brain stem and are activated in REM. 

Why do babies have so much REM sleep What shuts the system down as development proceeds These important questions have not yet been answered definitively because the study of sleep development is still (please pardon the expression) in its infancy But, it is very likely that the following biological facts hold true ... 

Its components Qj have the signs according to the convention mentioned in Rem. 7 or they are zero the values of 2 at empirical temperatures which do not occur in the given process (usually great majority from N possible) are zero by definition. 

Concrete definition of equilibrium state must be performed for each constitutive model (characterized by the observer s scales of Sect. 1.1 and mainly Sect. 2.3) by time fixing of some quantities from those determining their states (see Rem. 6). Time persistency is usually difficult to achieve (because of molecular fluctuation) and therefore to describe real materials by such constitutive models we must add to constitutive equations (as their regularity) the conditions of stability by which the time permanence of equilibrium state S4 is assured. For details see Sects. 2.1-2.4, 3.8, 4.7 and Rems. 7,9, 11 in Chap. 2. Although one eqrulibrium state would suffice, typically there are more equilibrium states often forming the equilibrium process as their time sequence, see Rem. 12. 

Proof of these assertions will be outlined geometrically [the proof is possible also for the more general concept, see Rem. 21 note also that some limiting assumptions during this proof [e.g., special reference state in definition (1.31)] will be gradually... 

Recapitulating, the results of this chapter look plausible, but there is a problem while the definition of energy (1.6) may be expected and useful, using the definition of entropy as a supremum (1.31) (or by (c) in Rem. 21) will be scarcely possible. Moreover, it is not clear how to find the reference (especially nonequilibrium) state and also the existence of more possible definitions (noted in Rem. 20) complicates the situation further. 

In more complicated material models we modify oruse further constitutive principles determinism is enlarged for densities (mass concentrations) in mixtures (cf. Sects. 2.4,3.5,4.5), and the definition of fluid used in this principle is in fact the result of constitutive principle of symmetry (see Rem. 30 in Chap. 3). Another constitutive principle is the objectivity (frame indifference) principle. Here it is trivially satisfied because motion is neglected and all quantities are objective (see Sects. 3.2,3.5). In nonuniform systems the influence of neighborhood is described in the principle of local action (cf. Sect. 3.5). In mixtures, the property of mixture invariance [32] may also be used as a constitutive principle [33]. 

This property follows from additivity of these quantities, cf. Rem.7 in Chap. 3 (for S and U this may be expected from their definitions and from the extensivity of heat and work in homogeneous processes, see Sect. 1.2) other fields, like T, P, g, q2, are intensive ones. 

We fix this reference once and for all, but in the general theory the change in this reference may be used to describe the symmetry inherent to the material of the body in the special case it may be used for the definition of fluid (cf. Sect. 3.5 and Rem. 30). 

Many quantities used in the following considerations are called objective ot frame-indifferent, if they are invariant in the change of frame (3.25), (3.26) as follows (because this change contains rotations and/or inversions of corresponding Cartesian systems as a very special case (cf. Fig. 3.1), the following definition is motivated by (b), (c) of Rem. 4) ... 

We now apply the entropy inequality (1.42) to our continuous body (or arbitrary part of it). Because the integral in (1.42) may be understood (by definition of heat distribution) as time and space integral we can formulate an entropy inequality using the entropy rate, heating and corresponding densities of these quantities (cf. end of Sect. 1.4 and the way we obtained (2.2) again it is possible to proceed more naturally, see Rems. 7,14 and 18) [11, 18, 35, 41]. Therefore entropy may be expressed if we introduce the specific entropy s as a primitive objective scalar. Because the heating now contains surface and volume parts with densities q and Q (cf. (3.97)) and because the absolute temperature is now scalar field T = T(x, t), assumed to be objective, it follows that the entropy inequality may be formulated as (we use (3.100))... 

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