Reluctance

Although side-stripper arrangements are common in the petroleum industry, designers have been reluctant to use the fully thermally coupled arrangements in practical applications until recently. 

The potential advantages of LPG concern essentially the environmental aspects. LPG s are simple mixtures of 3- and 4-carbon-atom hydrocarbons with few contaminants (very low sulfur content). LPG s contain no noxious additives such as lead and their exhaust emissions have little or no toxicity because aromatics are absent. This type of fuel also benefits often enough from a lower taxation. In spite of that, the use of LPG motor fuel remains static in France, if not on a slightly downward trend. There are several reasons for this situation little interest from automobile manufacturers, reluctance on the part of automobile customers, competition in the refining industry for other uses of and fractions, (alkylation, etherification, direct addition into the gasoline pool). However, in 1993 this subject seems to have received more interest (Hublin et al., 1993). 

To increase the magnetic flux (very weak reluctance). 

We have seen that the field dispersion can not occur only if a reluctance variation of the medium in which forces lines are oriented exists. 

For the case of electro-magnets, inclusions detection in welds situated at 1-2 mm of depth is very important, because the reluctance variation between the two mediums is not important, and thus the detection of this type of defect is very difficult. It will be sufficient to be in optimal conditions to eliminate this problem. 

In the Lewis and Gibson statement of the third law, the notion of a perfect crystalline substance , while understandable, strays far from the macroscopic logic of classical thennodynamics and some scientists have been reluctant to place this statement in the same category as the first and second laws of thennodynamics. Fowler and Guggenheim (1939), noting drat the first and second laws both state universal limitations on processes that are experunentally possible, have pointed out that the principle of the unattainability of absolute zero, first enunciated by Nemst (1912) expresses a similar universal limitation ... 

Apparently, 4.54 is extremely reluctant to undergo a retro Mannicli reaction. Riviere demonstrated that this behaviour is not unusual for (3-amino ketones. From the study of a large number of Mannich adducts. Riviere concludes that the retro Mannich reaction requires an aromatic group next to the carbonyl functionality. Qearly, 4.54 lacks this arrangement. 

In the mid-1960s with my reluctant sons on a European trip... 

During the early years of this century, organic chemists were enjoying success in determining the structures of ordinary-sized organic molecules, and this probably contributed to their reluctance to look beyond structures of convenient size. Physical chemists were interested in intermolecular forces at this period, and the idea that polymers were the result of some sort of association between low molecular weight constituent molecules prevailed fora long while. 

In contrast, the curve for V3 in Figure 6.38(b) is symmetrical about the centre. It is approximately parabolic but shows steeper sides corresponding to the reluctance of an oxygen nucleus to approach the carbon nucleus at either extreme of the vibrational motion. 

As a consequence, there is a general reluctance in the financial community to support the construction of new nuclear plants. 

Linear-Variable-Differential-Transformer and Reluctive Pressure Transducers. In ahnear-vatiable-differential-transformer (LVDT) pressure transducer, the pressure to be measured is fed to a Bourdon tube or diaphragm. The motion of this element is transferred to the... 

Fig. 8. Reluctance-type pressure sensor. The E-cote corresponds to the area where the magnetic fields ate produced.

A significant source of concern for potential users of recycled petroleum products has been the lack of specifications or certifications related to the quaUty of the material and the consistency in producing oil of high quaUty. This perception of possible inferiority has been exacerbated by the reluctance of some equipment manufacturers to state whether they would honor warranties if recycled lubricants were used. 

Total worldwide sales of iadustrial diamond are currentiy about one biUion dollars (ca 100 t) per year. They are made in 16 countries the largest producers are General Electric, De Beers, which also has a large stake in natural diamonds, several Japanese firms, the People s RepubHc of China, and Russia. The market is very competitive, and manufacturers are reluctant to disclose detailed sales information. 

The hterature consists of patents, books, journals, and trade Hterature. The examples in patents may be especially valuable. The primary Hterature provides much catalyst performance data, but there is a lack of quantitative results characterizing the performance of industrial catalysts under industrially reaHstic conditions. Characterizations of industrial catalysts are often restricted to physical characterizations and perhaps activity measurements with pure component feeds, but it is extremely rare to find data characterizing long-term catalyst performance with impure, multicomponent industrial feedstocks. Catalyst regeneration procedures are scarcely reported. Those who have proprietary technology are normally reluctant to make it known. Readers should be critical in assessing published work that claims a relevance to technology. 

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