Releases Other than Attack

Modelling and simulation are increasingly important instruments and these approaches have an enormous impact in the area of passive defence. Traditionally, the assessment of the chemical threat using the concept of challenge levels has been the primary focus. As the threat picture is changing, assessment of biological threats as well as threats exerted by (industrial) toxic compounds (including releases other than attack) have become important issues as well. 

Joint Pub 3-11 (Draft) covers the procedures to warn and report NBC releases including Releases Other Than Attack (ROTA). This information is not reproduced here since the publication is still under review. ROTAs include NBC releases due to damaged or destroyed storage bunkers, transport vehicles, storage or production facilities, ammunition supply sites, power plants, etc. It also includes the use of radiation dispersal devices. 

It is immediately apparent that the constituents added by deeper circulation are different from those derived by initial attack in some important ways. The ratio of Si(>> to Na+ in the increment is nearly 1 to 1. Because weathering of plagioclase to kaolinite releases dissolved SiOj and Na+ in a ratio of 2 to 1 (see Table II) and plagioclase is the only reasonable source of Na+, a solid other than kaolinite is being produced. Table IV is an attempt to deduce the reactions that occur during deeper... 

The Use of Nonproteolytic Enzymes Prior to Se Speciation It goes without saying that food samples contain components other than proteins. This fact can be related to the observation that some sample preparation attempts based on the sole use of proteolytic enzymes have failed, for example, protease XIV could not extract more than 8 percent of Se from Se-enriched lactic acid bacteria with a chromatographic recovery of 27 percent [77]. There are two possible explanations for this phenomenon (1) formerly unidentified and nonprotein-bound Se species might be present in the samples under test, which cannot be released by proteolytic enzymes from the matrix constituents under the experimental conditions adopted (2) the unextracted Se species are protein-bound, but the proteolytic attack is hampered by a matrix constituent, hindering any enzymatic access. 

Attack by organisms other than SRB. Ammonia and amines are produced by microbial decomposition of organic matter under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions (ammo-nification). (Stott)5 These compounds are oxidized to nitrite by aerobic bacteria such as Nitrosomonas or Nitrobacter species. Nitrobacter is very efficient at destroying the corrosion-inhibition properties, of nitrate-based corrosion inhibitors by oxidation, unless a biocidal agent is included in the formulation. The release of ammonia at the surfaces of heat-exchanger tubes has a detrimental effect. (Stott)5... 

These decompositions gave only small amounts of those olefins (CF2 CHCl and CF2 CCI2) which would form by release of fluorine from the j3-position with respect to silicon. It seems reasonable to suppose that the initial step in pyrolysis involves internal nucleophilic attack on silicon by a fluorine in the a-position, followed by migration of an atom other than fluorine from the /8-carbon atom. 

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