Postulate relativity

Einstein s special theory of relativity postulates that the finite velocity of light in vacuiun and the laws of nature are the same in all inertial frames of reference. The consequences unique to this theory, relative to classical quantum theory. 

We may remind ourselves that according to conventional wisdom, Poincare failed to derive an early relativity theory mainly as a result of his stubborn adherence to the nineteenth century concept of the ether as an utter void while Einstein, just few years later, succeeded because he stayed behind the assertion of a new kind of ether that was the superfluous space-time substratum. His relativity postulate was called an absolute world by Minkowski. Fifteen years later, however, Einstein used Mach s ideas on rational movement in order to cancel the action-at-a-distance and refreshed the idea of the ether because his relativity space is endowed with physical qualities. The ether should be regarded as a primary thing (similarly to the prematurely Aristotelian plenum) assuming that matter is derived from it [40], citing the metrical qualities of the continuum of space-time differ in the environment of different points of space-time being conditioned by the matter existing outside of the territory under consideration . 

By 1850. values of atomic weights (now called relative atomic masses) had been ascertained for many elements, and a knowledge of these enabled Newlands in 1864 to postulate a law of octaves. When the elements were arranged in order ol increasing atomic weight, each... 

The question as to whether a flame retardant operates mainly by a condensed-phase mechanism or mainly by a vapor-phase mechanism is especially comphcated in the case of the haloalkyl phosphoms esters. A number of these compounds can volatilize undecomposed or undergo some thermal degradation to release volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (37). The intact compounds or these halogenated hydrocarbons are plausible flame inhibitors. At the same time, thek phosphoms content may remain at least in part as relatively nonvolatile phosphoms acids which are plausible condensed-phase flame retardants (38). There is no evidence for the occasionally postulated formation of phosphoms haUdes. Some evidence has been presented that the endothermic vaporization and heat capacity of the intact chloroalkyl phosphates may be a main part of thek action (39,40). 

Whereas zirconium was discovered in 1789 and titanium in 1790, it was not until 1923 that hafnium was positively identified. The Bohr atomic theory was the basis for postulating that element 72 should be tetravalent rather than a trivalent member of the rare-earth series. Moseley s technique of identification was used by means of the x-ray spectra of several 2ircon concentrates and lines at the positions and with the relative intensities postulated by Bohr were found (1). Hafnium was named after Hafma, the Latin name for Copenhagen where the discovery was made. 

Radicals generated from water-soluble initiator might not enter a micelle (14) because of differences in surface-charge density. It is postulated that radical entry is preceded by some polymerization of the monomer in the aqueous phase. The very short oligomer chains are less soluble in the aqueous phase and readily enter the micelles. Other theories exist to explain how water-soluble radicals enter micelles (15). The micelles are presumed to be the principal locus of particle nucleation (16) because of the large surface area of micelles relative to the monomer droplets. 

In a similar manner to the formation of pyridazines from AT-aminopyrroles, cinnolines or phthalazines are obtainable from the corresponding 1-aminooxindoles or 2-amino-phthalimides. If the relatively inaccessible 1-aminooxindoles are treated with lead tetraacetate, mercuric acetate, r-butyl hypochlorite (69JCS(C)772) or other agents, cinnolones are formed as shown in Scheme 105. The reaction was postulated to proceed via an intermediate... 

The relative fluctuations in Monte Carlo simulations are of the order of magnitude where N is the total number of molecules in the simulation. The observed error in kinetic simulations is about 1-2% when lO molecules are used. In the computer calculations described by Schaad, the grids of the technique shown here are replaced by computer memory, so the capacity of the memory is one limit on the maximum number of molecules. Other programs for stochastic simulation make use of different routes of calculation, and the number of molecules is not a limitation. Enzyme kinetics and very complex oscillatory reactions have been modeled. These simulations are valuable for establishing whether a postulated kinetic scheme is reasonable, for examining the appearance of extrema or induction periods, applicability of the steady-state approximation, and so on. Even the manual method is useful for such purposes. 

A minimal mechanism for Na, K -ATPase postulates that the enzyme cycles between two principal conformations, denoted Ej and Eg (Figure 10.11). El has a high affinity for Na and ATP and is rapidly phosphorylated in the presence of Mg to form Ei-P, a state which contains three oeeluded Na ions (occluded in the sense that they are tightly bound and not easily dissociated from the enzyme in this conformation). A conformation change yields Eg-P, a form of the enzyme with relatively low affinity for Na, but a high affinity for K. This state presumably releases 3 Na ions and binds 2 ions on the outside of the cell. Dephosphorylation leaves EgKg, a form of the enzyme with two... 

It is postulated that hydrogen-bonded cyclic transition states such as 62 or the analogous one involving H0CH2CH20 will be found to increase relative reactivity adjacent to the azine-nitrogen in aprotic solvents cf. also Sections II,E,2,e and II,F. 

The effect of hydrogen bonding to nuclear substituents in transition states is reviewed in Sections I,D, 2,b, and II, E. Relative reactivity at different ring-positions is postulated to be alterable by hydrogen bonding of an azine-nitrogen to the solvent or to the reagent (Section II, B, 3 and III,B). However, there appears to be no kinetic data relevant to this postulate. 

The rate differences result primarily from the lowering of the activation energies, but in a few cases small entropy increases also contribute. The relatively high rate of reaction of 8-bromoquinoline (346) is postulated to be due to hydrogen bonding of the solvent, piperidine, to the nearby azine-nitrogen in the ground state and... 

AHC(S1), pp. 384,385]. For some derivatives of 119 and 120, the relative stability of oxo isomers may be enhanced. Thus, the predominance of the 5,5-diphenyldihydro-4//-l,2,3-triazol-4-one structure 121 in solution has been confirmed by UV and and NMR studies (93CB103). Also, 1-methyl-5-hydroxy-l,2,3-triazole exists mainly in the tautomeric form 120 (R = Me, R = H) [76AHC(S1), p. 385], although the existence of a minor amount of oxo form 122 was postulated to explain the exchange of the 4-position proton in D2O. 

The practical importance of vacancies is that they are mobile and, at elevated temperatures, can move relatively easily through the crystal lattice. As illustrated in Fig. 20.21b, this is accompanied by movement of an atom in the opposite direction indeed, the existence of vacancies was originally postulated to explain solid-state diffusion in metals. In order to jump into a vacancy an adjacent atom must overcome an energy barrier. The energy required for this is supplied by thermal vibrations. Thus the diffusion rate in metals increases exponentially with temperature, not only because the vacancy concentration increases with temperature, but also because there is more thermal energy available to overcome the activation energy required for each jump in the diffusion process. 

The structures shown for ions, such as in Equations 7 and 8, are entirely speculative since the mass spectrum gives only relative abundance of the various m/e-groups formed. Chemical reasoning, meta-stable-ion peaks, peak shifts in the deuterated analogs, and published mass spectra of similar compounds are the bases for the proposed modes of fragmentation and for the postulated structures.)... 

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