Relative standard deviation surface modeling

The concentrations of model ligands were related to the ranges of total Cu concentrations used in the titrations. For example, for CSV, which used the lowest total Cu concentrations, the model ligand concentrations were lower than for the ISE and FQ titrations. The conditional stability constants tended to increase as model ligand concentrations decreased. These results are similar to those for Cu complexation by fulvic acid isolated from surface waters (9,11,37). The relative standard deviations of the complexation parameters ranged from approximately three percent to eighty six percent. 

Greenwood-Williamson model for asperity contact has been extensively used for prediction of tribological behaviour. However, characterization of the necessary input data, summit asperity height deviation (Os), mean radius (P) and density (Ti) are not available from commercial roughness measuring equipment. A relatively simple numerical method is proposed to calculate the asperities data for actual surfaces. Summits were considered to be the local maximum points above the surface mean line and calculation of the standard deviation, mean radius and density of the summits are directly numerical performed. The method was applied for new and worn ICE cylinder bores. The product as.p.r was found to be between 0.01 to 0.05, lower than the usually accepted range 0.03 to 0.05. The lowest values were found on plateau honing finish, after 15 h test For all cases, the calculated summit mean radius was found to be lower than previous published values. 

Here 50, denotes the observed deviation of the atmospheric O, concentration from a standard. The atmospheric tracer APO is dominated primarily by oceanic gas exchanges in addition to a relatively small contribution from fossil fuel not accounted for by the terrestrial stoichiometric factor (i.e., the fossil fuel component scaled by the factor Observations of the seasonal variation of APO in conjuction with surface-water oxy gen measurements have been used to constrain the large-scale magnitude of the air-sea gas exchange coefficient (Keeling et al, 1998) and of marine productivity (Six and Maier-Reimer, 1996 Balkan.ski et al, 1999). Mean annual gradients of APO have also been shown to provide powerful constraints on biogeochemical air-sea fluxes computed by ocean-circulation models with an embedded ocean carbon cycle (Stephens et al, 1998). 

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