Relative polymers

Here, K is the multiple adsorption constant, C is a relative polymer concentration defined by... 

C Relative polymer concentration defined by Equation 7 g Amount adsorbed expressed as number of equivalent (segment) monolayers... 

G Relative polymer adsorption density defined by Equation 8 i An integer—the number of bound segments on a given molecule K Primary adsorption constant... 

Oxygen index method of evaluating relative polymer flammability. 

Fig. 1. Lower part Rate constant for thermal and y-polymerization of TS-6 as a function of conversion normalized to the rate constant at X - 0. Curves are calculated from published time-conversion curves according to K = (1 — X)- dX/dt where X is the relative polymer content. y-Polymerization data are from Ref. thermal dates represent an average of literature dates, see e.g., Upper portion vs. conversion. The dashed curve is calculated on the basis of the energy transfer...

We can see that, first, breakthrough times were different. In this case, polymer broke through first, then alkali, and finally surfaclant. Second, each maximum relative concentration depended on its retention or consumption in the pore medium. The maximum relative polymer concentration was 1, the maximum relative alkali concentration was 0.9, and the maximum relative surfactant concentration was 0.09 in this case. Third, their concentration ratios in the system were constantly changing. In other words, the chemical injection concentrations were not proportionally decreased. 

Equation (6.60) was used to determine the effects on the bulk modulus of the relative polymer-filler interactions, r = the filler volume fraction, 4>2-... 

Throughout, coUoid-polymer mixtures are described in terms of the volume fraction of colloids (j) and the relative polymer concentration ... 

In the dilute regime (Fig. 4.7a) each polymer coil occupies a volume Vp = An/3)P g. When Vpiib becomes unity the solution is completely filled with polymer coils (Fig. 4.7b). For VpWfe > 1 the chains overlap. Therefore overlap in terms of the number density is defined as nl = 1/vp. It is convenient to define a relative polymer concentration (1.24) ... 

Fig. 4.9 Depletion thickness (solid curves) for three size ratios as indicated and osmotic nessure (dashed curve) of polymer chains in the excluded volume limit as a function of the relative polymer concentration...

From this calculated phase diagram we observe that at low TMV concentrations a relative polymer concentration (j)p = 0.125 is required to cause I-N phase separation which corresponds in this case to a mass concentration of Cp = 3(f)pM/4TiNARg = 6.4 mg/ml The agreement with experiment should be considered with care since in the theoretical calculation the electrostatic interactions have not been taken into account. 

More extensive measurements on the I-N transition in TMV suspensions with added PEO (M = lOOkDa, Rg = 10 nm) were carried out by Adams and Fraden [26]. They observed at TMV concentrations of 20 mg/ml, at which the pure rod system is in the isotropic phase, the first signs of I-N phase separation at 5 mg/ml added PEO and a more definite transition for 10 mg/ml added PEO. To compare this experimental observation with theory we present in Fig. 6.13 also the theoretical phase diagram for L/D = 17 (TMV virus as before) but now with q = 2Rg/D = 2 -10/18 =1.1, which are the relevant parameters for this mixed TMV-PEO suspension. From this calculated phase diagram we observe that at low TMV concentration a relative polymer concentration phase separation which corresponds in this case to a mass concentration of Cp = 3(j)pM/4nNAR g = 10 mg/ml. This is again in reasonable agreement with theory. As mentioned before the electrostatic interactions that certainly play a role have not been taken into account, and therefore the comparison with experiment should be considered with care. 

FIGURE 3.35. Calculated dependences of relative polymer phase concentrations of the red form (Xg = < redlcY)y anions X (Xx — cations K (X — and the... 

Fig. 24. Change of relative polymer film resistance of PANI deposited potentiostatically as a function of electrode [>otential (degree of oxidation) and of pH value of the electrolyte solution. For experimental detail, see [72, 309].

The thermo-oxidative, thermal and hydrolytic stabilization of PET, PBT and relative polymers are further discussed below. 

Polymer Melt Index Apparatus (Provides relative polymer molecular weight 12.16 (Melt Index) and relative data on polymer molecular weight distribution by determining the Melt Flow Ratio (MFR), which is the ratio of I,. (Flow Index) value divided by the Melt Index.)... 

Fig.7 Schematic illustration of the initial polymerization in a catalyst pore. Polymer chains shown. Length of arrows indicate relative polymer pressure. 100 A ...

Solubility-Selective Membrane The solubility coefficient reflects how many gas molecules can be sorbed in polymer membranes. It depends on the condensability as well as the physical interactions of the penetrants with the polymer membrane. Solubility is determined by the concentration of the sorbed gas per unit polymer volume. Generally, the concentration as a function of pressure at constant temperature shows a sorption isotherm with a characteristic shape that is concave to the pressure axis. The solubihty-selectivity term in Eq. (24.3) is thermodynamic in nature and is governed by the relative polymer-penetrant interactions and the relative condensabihty of the penetrants. Solubility-selectivity terms contribute significantly to separations of condensable vapors and polar molecules. 

Notice that d/xiivi) is due to altering the relative polymer content of the solution, which solely affects the mixing contribution of the free enthalpy. After some work, using n = N/Na, N = mivi -l- m2V2, and (pi/tm - Vi/ nNA), we find... 

The primary motivation for blending immiscible polymers is to create materials with combinations of properties superior to its components [1], Cocontinuous morphologies are characterized by the mutual interpenetration of phases and can form over a range of compositions, depending largely on the relative polymer viscosities, elasticity, and interfacial tension. These morphologies offer a variety of applications mechanical property enhancement, electrically conductive blends, barrier property improvement, and tissue scaffolds. 

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