Relations semantic

We have developed a system based on SNOW-MED to extract medical information from herbal texts. SNOW-MED is a semantic index that recognizes relationships between groups of words [26], For example, the semantic map for thrush is related to yeast, infection, and microbe. Although this system may eventually allow a potential pharmacological function to be extrapolated, we are currently using the system to simply extract disorders from the text. We have used the Mayo Vocabulary Server to perform this data mining [34, 35]. 

Besides the flat set of terms we also use and extract thesaurus relations such as synonymy , broader term and narrower term . By introducing these relationships we create a thesaurus from our terminology. The semantic knowledge encoded in the thesaurus is used for expansion of queries within the KSP and also for enriching the UltraLink. 

Finally, reductionism is closely tied to the so-called syntactic approach to theories, an approach which treats theories as axiomatic systems expressed in natural or artificial languages. Indeed, closely tied may be an understatement, since deduction is a syntactic affair, and is a necessary component of reduction. Once philosophers of science began to take the semantic approach to theories seriously, the very possibility of reduction became moot. For the semantic approach treats theories as families of models, and models as implicit definitions, about which the only empirical question is whether they are applicable to phenomena. For reduction to be obtained among models semantically characterized requires an entirely different conception of reduction, and whether such a conception would capture anything of interest about inter-theoretical relations is questionable. 

Established usage of certain terms related to combustion phenomena can be misleading, for what appear to be synonyms are not really so. Consequently, this chapter begins with a slight digression into the semantics of combustion, with some brief mention of subjects to be covered later. 

Unlike SPC techniques, standard feedback control methods such as PID-control, do exert control upon a process, in an effort to minimize y, — yk. Control in Statistical Process Control is as such not regulatory control, but a semantic means of relating SPC to quality control—a means that often leads to the hybrid term SQC. Ogunnaike and Ray [14, Sec. 28.4] offer advice on when to use SPC and when to use standard feedback control methods When the sampling interval is much greater than the process response time, when zero-mean Gaussian measurement noise dominates process disturbances, and when the cost of regulatory control action is considerable, SPC is preferred. 

As shown in Fig. 4, a FenNO + species has been proposed to be formed following coordination of NO into Fe(III). This reaction appears to be related to the one in Eq. (3), associated with NP formation. However, the electron-transfer step must proceed in an inner-sphere way in the Fe(III) porphyrin system, subsequently to the water-release. As anticipated above, the evidence on the detailed electronic structure in the ferri-hemes is still ambiguous (24,25). Whether the species formed in the reaction of the oxidized form of heme cd1 nitrite reductase (NiR) with NO is best formulated as FenNO + or FeinNO has been qualified as a matter of semantics... 

Turning to the low temperature transition of the homopolymer of PHBA at 350 °C, it is generally accepted that the phase below this temperature is orthorhombic and converts to an approximate pseudohexagonal phase with a packing closely related to the orthorhombic phase (see Fig. 6) [27-29]. The fact that a number of the diffraction maxima retain the sharp definition at room temperature pattern combined with the streaking of the 006 line suggests both vertical and horizontal displacements of the chains [29]. As mentioned earlier, Yoon et al. has opted to describe the new phase as a smectic E whereas we prefer to interpret this new phase as a one dimensional plastic crystal where rotational freedom is permitted around the chain axis. This particular question is really a matter of semantics since both interpretations are correct. Perhaps the more important issue is which of these terminologies provides a more descriptive picture as to the nature of the molecular motions of the polymer above the 350 °C transition. As will be seen shortly in the case of the aromatic copolyesters, similar motions can be identified well below the crystal-nematic transition. 

The linking facilitates retrieval of semantically related words. As such, it... 

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