Reinforcement protection calcium chloride

The data presented in this section illustrate that, with the exception of those accelerating water-reducing admixtures containing calcium chloride, there is an abundance of evidence to support the conclusion that water-reducing admixtures of lignosulfonate chemical form certainly will not accelerate any kind of corrosion with reinforcement and, when used to reduce the water-cement ratio, will form a more permeable and durable protective cover for the reinforcement. In view of the chemical nature of the other types of materials such as the hydroxycarboxylic acids and hydroxylated polymers, it seems most likely that these materials too would have no deleterious effect in this respect. 

The concept of fire-retardancy is remarkably old. The Greek historian, Herodotus, in 484-431 BC recorded that the Egyptians imparted fire-resistance to wood by soaking it in a solution of alum (potassium aluminum sulfate) [Browne, 1958]. The Romans added vinegar to the alum for the same purpose. Vitruvius in the first century BC described the natural fire-retardant properties of the larch tree and some military applications of fire retardant materials such as plaster of clay reinforced with hair [Vitruvius, I960]. In 1638, Circa recorded that Italian theaters were painted with a mixture of clay and gypsum (potassium aluminum silicate and hydrated calcium sulfate) to protect them from fire. Wild was issued a British patent in 1735 for his process of treating wood with a mixture of alum, ferrous sulfate and borax (sodium tetraborate decahydrate). And Gay-Lussac in 1821 showed that a solution of ammonium phosphate, ammonium chloride and borax acts as a fire-retardant for wood. 

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