Regions overlapping

Runaway criteria developed for plug-flow tubular reactors, which are mathematically isomorphic with batch reactors with a constant coolant temperature, are also included in the tables. They can be considered conservative criteria for batch reactors, which can be operated safer due to manipulation of the coolant temperature. Balakotaiah et al. (1995) showed that in practice safe and runaway regions overlap for the three types of reactors for homogeneous reactions (1) batch reactor (BR), and, equivalently, plug-flow reactor (PFR), (2) CSTR, and (3) continuously operated bubble column reactor (BCR). 

In an equilibrium study of the adsorption of molybdenum(VI) from aqueous solution onto activated carbon it has been found that the data are best explained in terms of an absorption model comprising the three species [HMo207] , Mo03(H20)3, and [HMo04] of which the dimer predominates by far (80). Computer treatment of potentiomet-ric (81) and spectrophotometric data (82) also indicated the possible existence of [HMo207] as a minor species in aqueous solution at low molybdenum concentration ( 2 X 104 Af). However, as its assumed stability region overlaps with several other polynuclear ions more direct evidence is needed before its existence can be accepted with certainty. 

Emission inner filter effect (self-absorption) The fluorescence photons emitted in the region overlapping the absorption spectrum can be absorbed (radiative energy trans-... 

Z086 44.31% regions overlap with intorgonic regions... 

Schematic diagram of the repressor control of trp operon expression. The trp promoter (P) and trp operator (O) regions overlap. The trp aporepressor is encoded by a distantly located trpR gene. L-Tryptophan binding converts the aporepressor to the repressor that binds at the operator locus. This complex prevents the formation of the polymerase-promoter complex and transcription of the operon that begins in the leader region (trpL). Only a fraction of the transcripts extends beyond the attenuator locus in the leader region. The regulation of this fraction is discussed in the text.

LiCata and Ackers report that mutations that are not directly in contact can be non-additive (1995). They find that most mutations exhibit some degree of non-additivity that cannot be explained by short-range disruptions. A structural study of mutants of pNB esterase generated by directed evolution supports this observation (Spiller et al., 1999 see chapter by Orencia, Hanson, and Stevens in this volume). In this case, the influence of a mutation was realized through small backbone shifts, spatially distant from the mutated residue. Non-additivity can result when these perturbed regions overlap (Skinner and Terwilliger, 1996). 

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