Refrigerants air conditioning and

Worldwide use of CFCs for refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pumps totaled 260,000 t in 1991 (see Refrigeration) which is a dropoff of only 7% from 1986 levels. 

Technical Options Eeport, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) on Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, and Heat Pumps, Paris, Prance, 1991, p. 48. 

Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, and Heat Pumps - Immediate replacements for many applications include hydrocarbons, HFCs, and HCFCs. Some of these will also be candidates for long-term replacement of the currently used CFCs. This following briefly describes the alternatives that are available for specific refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump applications. 

Pittas, A. C., "Energy, Its Quality and Efficiency of Conversion. The First and Second Law Analysis of Engineering Systems." Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Air-Conditioning and Heat (AIRAH) Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, April (1975). 

It is impossible to overstate the importance of the role that CFCs have played in making refrigeration, air-conditioning, and, to some extent, aerosols such essential facets of modern existence. Life, as we know it, would be impossible in some parts of the world without the means for cooling food and houses. Of course, the very property that made the CFCs so useful, their stability, allows them to reach the stratosphere and there release chlorine atoms, which interact with the ozone layer. There will be a drastic decline in the use of CFCs in most of their high-volume applications of the heavier CFCs and the volumes will be inconsequential compared to the 2.5 billion pounds of volatile CFCs produced worldwide in 1986. 

Properties of Commonly Used Refrigerants, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, 1501 Wilson Blvd., Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22209 (1967). 

Fluorine and its compounds are used in producing uranium (from the hexafluoride) and more than 100 commercial fluorochemicals, including many well known high-temperature plastics. Hydrofluoric acid etches the glass of light bulbs, etc. Fluorochlorohydrocarbons are extensively used in air conditioning and refrigeration. 

Breweries. Air conditioning and the extensive use of refrigeration are necessary to provide controEed temperature in wort cooling, fermentation, storage, and final packaging of the finished beer. Sanitation and removal of carbon dioxide are important aspects of this appHcation (see... 

W. E. Stoecker, Using SI units in Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration, rev. ed.. Business News Publishing Co., 1976. 

B. C. Langley, Control Systemsfor Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, Prentice Had, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1985. 

Air-cooled condensers are used mostly in air-conditioning and for smaller-refrigeration capacities. The main advantage is avauability of cooling medium (air) but heat-transfer rates for the air side are far below values when water is used as a coohng medium. Condensation always occurs inside tubes, while the air side uses extended surface (fiusy... 

Air conditioning and warm air heating equipment and oommercial and industrial refrigeration equipment... 

Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute. (1999). ARI Unitary Directory. < http /Avww.ari. org >. 

American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). (199.S). ASHRAE Standard 135-1995 BACiiet—Data Coniniunicatioii Protocol for Building Automation and Control Networks. Atlanta Author. 

IncreasedNeed for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration resulting from the warming trend. 

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