Refractory mantle

Baron Auer is best remembered for his invention of the incandescent gas mantle, a truly great advance in the history of illumination (55). Instead of attempting to produce a gas which would bum with a luminous flame, he decided to use a non-luminous flame to heat a refractory mantle to incandescence. The problem, as he said, "was not to find a process by which an infusible compound could be given a definite shape. This invention is founded, above all, on the fact, proved by numerous experi-... 

Depsipeptide II Refractory mantle cell or diffuse large cell non-Hodgkin s lymphoma NCI/MAYO... 

Figure 30 Simplified geological map of the Lherz orogenic peridotite (Eastern Pyrenees), after Conquere (1978) and Monchoux (unpublished data), showing the hazburgite layering concordant with peridotite foliation. Based on their enriched Nd-Sr isotopic composition (e.g., Downes et al, 1991), the harzburgite layers are interpreted as residual strips of aged, isotopically enriched, but refractory, mantle lithosphere, embedded into younger, depleted but fertile, asthenospheric mantle (spinel Iherzolites). This marble cake stmcture is tentatively ascribed to thermomechanical erosion of lithospheric mantle by upwelling asthenosphere.

Falloon T. J. and Danyushevsky L. V. (2000) Melting of refractory mantle at 1.5, 2 and 2.5 GPa under anhydrous and H20-undersaturated conditions implications for the petrogenesis of high-Ca boninites and the influence of subduction components on mantle melting. J. Petrol. 41, 257-283. 

Kamenetsky V. S., Sobolev A. V., Eggins S. M., Crawford A. J., and Arculus R. J. (2002) Olivine-enriched melt inclusions in chromites from low-Ca boninites, Cape Vogel, Papua New Guinea evidence for ultramafic primary magma, refractory mantle source and enriched components. Chem. Geol. 183, 287-303. 

The major source of U, Th, Ra and Pb in a magma probably is the metasomatic mantle component. Instead, the major source of Sr and Nd in a magma is the non-metasomatic, more refractory mantle component. If this is so, the lead paradox is easily explained. 

From a geochemical viewpoint, U is an incompatible lithophile and refractory element. U exists in three distinct oxidation states in nature (Galas 1979) but the most common are ([Rn] 5f ) and ([Rn]). The most reduced form (metal) is never found in natural environments. At the surface of the earth, U is dominantly in the form. However, in a reducing environment, it will be in the state where it is insoluble and therefore generally far less mobile than U(VI). In the mantle, U is thought to occur in the... 

Mantle of refractory organic material Silicate core... 

The oxide is used in phosphors that form red color in color television tubes. Also, it is used in gas mantles and acetylene hghts. Other uses are in yttrium-iron garnets for microwave filters in lasers, and as a stabdizer for high temperature in refractories. 

Zevalin has been approved by the U S. FDA for radioimmunotherapy in B-cell lymphoma (39). The activity of ibritumomab tiuxetan had been evaluated or is under investigation for rituximab-refractory lymphoma patients, relapsed diffuse large B-cell or mantle cell lymphoma patients, or as a part of high-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell support (40). The results of phase I, 11, and randomized trials showed that the single doses of Zevalin are safe and effective in the treatment of patients with relapsed B-cell NHL with a response rate of 60%-80% (40). Unfortunately, no data are available regarding the impact of polymorphisms on the clinical outcomes after Zevalin therapy. 

Trace element measurements in lunar basalts also indicate that the Moon is depleted in highly volatile elements (Taylor et al., 2006a). Estimates of some of the Moon s volatile element concentrations are compared with the Earth in Figure 13.11 a. The absence of water in lunar basalts suggests that the mantle is dry. The Moon may also be enriched in refractory elements (Fig. 13.11b). Volatile element depletion and refractory element enrichment are expected consequences of the giant impact origin and subsequent high-temperature accretion of the Moon. 

Silicates constitute the largest part of the earth s crust and mantle. They play a dominant role as raw materials as well as products in technological processes, such as building materials, cements, glasses, ceramics, and refractory materials. 

Crystal field theory predicts that Ni2+, because of its high CFSE in octahedral coordination in minerals, should remain behind in refractory phases resulting from partial fusion of the oceanic lithosphere and become enriched in the Upper Mantle. It is possible, however, that the nickel reappears in alpine peri-dotites or obducted ophiolite suites. 

---